Socket中的TIME_WAIT状态
在高并发短连接的server端，当server处理完client的请求后立刻closesocket此时会出现time_wait状态然后如果client再并发2000个连接，此时部分连接就连接不上了,用linger强制关闭可以解决此问题，但是linger会导致数据丢失，linger值为0时是强制关闭,无论并发多少多能正常连接上,如果非0会发生部分连接不上的情况!（可调用setsockopt设置套接字的linger延时标志，同时将延时时间设置为0。）
TCP/IP的RFC文档。TIME_WAIT是TCP连接断开时必定会出现的状态。是无法避免掉的，这是TCP协议实现的一部分。在WINDOWS下，可以修改注册表让这个时间变短一些，time_wait的时间为2msl,默认为4min.你可以通过改变这个变量:
TcpTimedWaitDelay
把它缩短到30s
TCP要保证在所有可能的情况下使得所有的数据都能够被投递。当你关闭一个socket时，主动关闭一端的socket将进入TIME_WAIT状态，而被动关闭一方则转入CLOSED状态，这的确能够保证所有的数据都被传输。当一个socket关闭的时候，是通过两端互发信息的四次握手过程完成的，当一端调用close()时，就说明本端没有数据再要发送了。这好似看来在握手完成以后，socket就都应该处于关闭CLOSED状态了。但这有两个问题，首先，我们没有任何机制保证最后的一个ACK能够正常传输，第二，网络上仍然有可能有残余的数据包(wandering duplicates)，我们也必须能够正常处理。
通过正确的状态机，我们知道双方的关闭过程如下
图
假设最后一个ACK丢失了，服务器会重发它发送的最后一个FIN，所以客户端必须维持一个状态信息，以便能够重发ACK；如果不维持这种状态，客户端在接收到FIN后将会响应一个RST，服务器端接收到RST后会认为这是一个错误。如果TCP协议能够正常完成必要的操作而终止双方的数据流传输，就必须完全正确的传输四次握手的四个节，不能有任何的丢失。这就是为什么socket在关闭后，仍然处于 TIME_WAIT状态，因为他要等待以便重发ACK。
如果目前连接的通信双方都已经调用了close()，假定双方都到达CLOSED状态，而没有TIME_WAIT状态时，就会出现如下的情况。现在有一个新的连接被建立起来，使用的IP地址与端口与先前的完全相同，后建立的连接又称作是原先连接的一个化身。还假定原先的连接中有数据报残存于网络之中，这样新的连接收到的数据报中有可能是先前连接的数据报。为了防止这一点，TCP不允许从处于TIME_WAIT状态的socket建立一个连接。处于TIME_WAIT状态的socket在等待两倍的MSL时间以后（之所以是两倍的MSL，是由于MSL是一个数据报在网络中单向发出到认定丢失的时间，一个数据报有可能在发送图中或是其响应过程中成为残余数据报，确认一个数据报及其响应的丢弃的需要两倍的MSL），将会转变为CLOSED状态。这就意味着，一个成功建立的连接，必然使得先前网络中残余的数据报都丢失了。
由于TIME_WAIT状态所带来的相关问题，我们可以通过设置SO_LINGER标志来避免socket进入TIME_WAIT状态，这可以通过发送RST而取代正常的TCP四次握手的终止方式。但这并不是一个很好的主意，TIME_WAIT对于我们来说往往是有利的。
Even the TIME_WAIT state doesn‘t complete solve the second problem,
given what is called TIME_WAIT assassination. RFC 1337 has more
details.
o The reason that the duration of the TIME_WAIT state is 2*MSL is
that the maximum amount of time a packet can wander around a
network is assumed to be MSL seconds. The factor of 2 is for the
round-trip. The recommended value for MSL is 120 seconds, but
Berkeley-derived implementations normally use 30 seconds instead.
This means a TIME_WAIT delay between 1 and 4 minutes. Solaris 2.x
does indeed use the recommended MSL of 120 seconds.
A wandering duplicate is a packet that appeared to be lost and was
retransmitted. But it wasn‘t really lost ... some router had
problems, held on to the packet for a while (order of seconds, could
be a minute if the TTL is large enough) and then re-injects the packet
back into the network. But by the time it reappears, the application
that sent it originally has already retransmitted the data contained
in that packet.
Because of these potential problems with TIME_WAIT assassinations, one
should not avoid the TIME_WAIT state by setting the SO_LINGER option
to send an RST instead of the normal TCP connection termination
(FIN/ACK/FIN/ACK). The TIME_WAIT state is there for a reason; it‘s
your friend and it‘s there to help you :-)
I have a long discussion of just this topic in my just-released
"TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3". The TIME_WAIT state is indeed, one of
the most misunderstood features of TCP.
I‘m currently rewriting "Unix Network Programming" (see ``1.5 Where
can I get source code for the book [book title]?‘‘). and will include
lots more on this topic, as it is often confusing and misunderstood.
An additional note from Andrew:
Closing a socket: if SO_LINGER has not been called on a socket, then
close() is not supposed to discard data. This is true on SVR4.2 (and,
apparently, on all non-SVR4 systems) but apparently not on SVR4; the
use of either shutdown() or SO_LINGER seems to be required to
guarantee delivery of all data.
在高并发短连接的server端，当server处理完client的请求后立刻closesocket此时会出现time_wait状态然后如果client再并发2000个连接，此时部分连接就连接不上了,用linger强制关闭可以解决此问题，但是linger会导致数据丢失，linger值为0时是强制关闭,无论并发多少多能正常连接上,如果非0会发生部分连接不上的情况!（可调用setsockopt设置套接字的linger延时标志，同时将延时时间设置为0。）
TCP/IP的RFC文档。TIME_WAIT是TCP连接断开时必定会出现的状态。是无法避免掉的，这是TCP协议实现的一部分。在WINDOWS下，可以修改注册表让这个时间变短一些，time_wait的时间为2msl,默认为4min.你可以通过改变这个变量:
TcpTimedWaitDelay
把它缩短到30s
TCP要保证在所有可能的情况下使得所有的数据都能够被投递。当你关闭一个socket时，主动关闭一端的socket将进入TIME_WAIT状态，而被动关闭一方则转入CLOSED状态，这的确能够保证所有的数据都被传输。当一个socket关闭的时候，是通过两端互发信息的四次握手过程完成的，当一端调用close()时，就说明本端没有数据再要发送了。这好似看来在握手完成以后，socket就都应该处于关闭CLOSED状态了。但这有两个问题，首先，我们没有任何机制保证最后的一个ACK能够正常传输，第二，网络上仍然有可能有残余的数据包(wandering duplicates)，我们也必须能够正常处理。
通过正确的状态机，我们知道双方的关闭过程如下
图
假设最后一个ACK丢失了，服务器会重发它发送的最后一个FIN，所以客户端必须维持一个状态信息，以便能够重发ACK；如果不维持这种状态，客户端在接收到FIN后将会响应一个RST，服务器端接收到RST后会认为这是一个错误。如果TCP协议能够正常完成必要的操作而终止双方的数据流传输，就必须完全正确的传输四次握手的四个节，不能有任何的丢失。这就是为什么socket在关闭后，仍然处于 TIME_WAIT状态，因为他要等待以便重发ACK。
如果目前连接的通信双方都已经调用了close()，假定双方都到达CLOSED状态，而没有TIME_WAIT状态时，就会出现如下的情况。现在有一个新的连接被建立起来，使用的IP地址与端口与先前的完全相同，后建立的连接又称作是原先连接的一个化身。还假定原先的连接中有数据报残存于网络之中，这样新的连接收到的数据报中有可能是先前连接的数据报。为了防止这一点，TCP不允许从处于TIME_WAIT状态的socket建立一个连接。处于TIME_WAIT状态的socket在等待两倍的MSL时间以后（之所以是两倍的MSL，是由于MSL是一个数据报在网络中单向发出到认定丢失的时间，一个数据报有可能在发送图中或是其响应过程中成为残余数据报，确认一个数据报及其响应的丢弃的需要两倍的MSL），将会转变为CLOSED状态。这就意味着，一个成功建立的连接，必然使得先前网络中残余的数据报都丢失了。
由于TIME_WAIT状态所带来的相关问题，我们可以通过设置SO_LINGER标志来避免socket进入TIME_WAIT状态，这可以通过发送RST而取代正常的TCP四次握手的终止方式。但这并不是一个很好的主意，TIME_WAIT对于我们来说往往是有利的。
客户端与服务器端建立TCP/IP连接后关闭SOCKET后，服务器端连接的端口
状态为TIME_WAIT
是不是所有执行主动关闭的socket都会进入TIME_WAIT状态呢？
有没有什么情况使主动关闭的socket直接进入CLOSED状态呢？
主动关闭的一方在发送最后一个 ack 后就会进入 TIME_WAIT 状态 停留2MSL（max segment lifetime）时间这个是TCP/IP必不可少的，也就是“解决”不了的。也就是TCP/IP设计者本来是这么设计的
主要有两个原因：1。防止上一次连接中的包，迷路后重新出现，影响新连接 （经过2MSL，上一次连接中所有的重复包都会消失）
2。可靠的关闭TCP连接 在主动关闭方发送的最后一个 ack(fin) ，有可能丢失，这时被动方会重新发
fin, 如果这时主动方处于 CLOSED 状态 ，就会响应 rst 而不是 ack。所以 主动方要处于 TIME_WAIT 状态，而不能是 CLOSED 。TIME_WAIT 并不会占用很大资源的，除非受到攻击。还有，如果一方 send 或 recv 超时，就会直接进入 CLOSED 状态。
socket-faq中的这一段讲的也很好，摘录如下：
2.7. Please explain the TIME_WAIT state.
Remember
that TCP guarantees all data transmitted will be delivered, if at all possible. When you close a socket, the server goes into a TIME_WAIT state, just to be really really sure that all the data has gone through. When a socket is closed, both sides agree by sending messages to each other that they will send no more data. This, it seemed to me was good enough, and after the handshaking is done, the socket should be closed. The problem is two-fold. First, there is no way to be sure that the last ack was communicated successfully.
状态为TIME_WAIT
是不是所有执行主动关闭的socket都会进入TIME_WAIT状态呢？
有没有什么情况使主动关闭的socket直接进入CLOSED状态呢？
主动关闭的一方在发送最后一个 ack 后就会进入 TIME_WAIT 状态 停留2MSL（max segment lifetime）时间这个是TCP/IP必不可少的，也就是“解决”不了的。也就是TCP/IP设计者本来是这么设计的
主要有两个原因：1。防止上一次连接中的包，迷路后重新出现，影响新连接 （经过2MSL，上一次连接中所有的重复包都会消失）
2。可靠的关闭TCP连接 在主动关闭方发送的最后一个 ack(fin) ，有可能丢失，这时被动方会重新发
fin, 如果这时主动方处于 CLOSED 状态 ，就会响应 rst 而不是 ack。所以 主动方要处于 TIME_WAIT 状态，而不能是 CLOSED 。TIME_WAIT 并不会占用很大资源的，除非受到攻击。还有，如果一方 send 或 recv 超时，就会直接进入 CLOSED 状态。
socket-faq中的这一段讲的也很好，摘录如下：
2.7. Please explain the TIME_WAIT state.
Remember
that TCP guarantees all data transmitted will be delivered, if at all possible. When you close a socket, the server goes into a TIME_WAIT state, just to be really really sure that all the data has gone through. When a socket is closed, both sides agree by sending messages to each other that they will send no more data. This, it seemed to me was good enough, and after the handshaking is done, the socket should be closed. The problem is two-fold. First, there is no way to be sure that the last ack was communicated successfully.
Second, there may be "wandering duplicates" left on the net that must be dealt with if they are delivered. Andrew Gierth (andrew@erlenstar.demon.co.uk) helped to explain the
closing sequence in the following usenet posting:
Assume that a connection is in ESTABLISHED state, and the client is
about to do an orderly release. The client‘s sequence no. is Sc, and
the server‘s is Ss. Client Server
====== ======
ESTABLISHED ESTABLISHED
(client closes)
ESTABLISHED ESTABLISHED
------->>
FIN_WAIT_1
>
TIME_WAIT CLOSED
(2*msl elapses...)
CLOSED
Note: the +1 on the sequence numbers is because the FIN counts as one
byte of data. (The above diagram is equivalent to fig. 13 from RFC793).
Now consider what happens if the last of those packets is dropped in the network. The client has done with the connection; it has no more data or control info to send, and never will have. But the server does not know whether the client received all the data correctly; that‘s
what the last ACK segment is for. Now the server may or may not care whether the client got the data, but that is not an issue for TCP; TCP is a reliable rotocol, and must distinguish between an orderly connection close where all data is transferred, and a connection abort
closing sequence in the following usenet posting:
Assume that a connection is in ESTABLISHED state, and the client is
about to do an orderly release. The client‘s sequence no. is Sc, and
the server‘s is Ss. Client Server
====== ======
ESTABLISHED ESTABLISHED
(client closes)
ESTABLISHED ESTABLISHED
------->>
FIN_WAIT_1
>
TIME_WAIT CLOSED
(2*msl elapses...)
CLOSED
Note: the +1 on the sequence numbers is because the FIN counts as one
byte of data. (The above diagram is equivalent to fig. 13 from RFC793).
Now consider what happens if the last of those packets is dropped in the network. The client has done with the connection; it has no more data or control info to send, and never will have. But the server does not know whether the client received all the data correctly; that‘s
what the last ACK segment is for. Now the server may or may not care whether the client got the data, but that is not an issue for TCP; TCP is a reliable rotocol, and must distinguish between an orderly connection close where all data is transferred, and a connection abort
where data may or may not have been lost.
So, if that last packet is dropped, the server will retransmit it (it is, after all, an unacknowledged segment) and will expect to see a suitable ACK segment in reply. If the client went straight to CLOSED, the only possible response to that retransmit would be a RST, which would indicate to the server that data had been lost, when in fact it
had not been. (Bear in mind that the server‘s FIN segment may, additionally, contain
data.) DISCLAIMER: This is my interpretation of the RFCs (I have read all the
TCP-related ones I could find), but I have not attempted to examine implementation source code or trace actual connections in order to verify it. I am satisfied that the logic is correct, though. More commentarty from Vic: The second issue was addressed by Richard Stevens (rstevens@noao.edu, author of "Unix Network Programming", see ``1.5 Where can I get source code for the book [book title]?‘‘). I have put together quotes from some of his postings and email which explain this. I have brought together paragraphs from different postings, and have made as few changes as possible.
So, if that last packet is dropped, the server will retransmit it (it is, after all, an unacknowledged segment) and will expect to see a suitable ACK segment in reply. If the client went straight to CLOSED, the only possible response to that retransmit would be a RST, which would indicate to the server that data had been lost, when in fact it
had not been. (Bear in mind that the server‘s FIN segment may, additionally, contain
data.) DISCLAIMER: This is my interpretation of the RFCs (I have read all the
TCP-related ones I could find), but I have not attempted to examine implementation source code or trace actual connections in order to verify it. I am satisfied that the logic is correct, though. More commentarty from Vic: The second issue was addressed by Richard Stevens (rstevens@noao.edu, author of "Unix Network Programming", see ``1.5 Where can I get source code for the book [book title]?‘‘). I have put together quotes from some of his postings and email which explain this. I have brought together paragraphs from different postings, and have made as few changes as possible.
From Richard Stevens (rstevens@noao.edu):
If the duration of the TIME_WAIT state were just to handle TCP‘s full-duplex close, then the time would be much smaller, and it would be some function of the current RTO (retransmission timeout), not the MSL (the packet lifetime).
A couple of points about the TIME_WAIT state.
o The end that sends the first FIN goes into the TIME_WAIT state, because that is the end that sends the final ACK. If the other end‘s FIN is lost, or if the final ACK is lost, having the end that sends the first FIN maintain state about the connection guarantees that it has enough information to retransmit the final ACK. o Realize that TCP sequence numbers wrap around after 2**32 bytes have been transferred. Assume a connection between A.1500 (host A, port 1500) and B.2000. During the connection one segment is lost and retransmitted. But the segment is not really lost, it is held by some intermediate router and then re-injected into the network. (This is called a "wandering duplicate".) But in the time between the packet being lost & retransmitted, and then reappearing, the connection is closed (without any problems) and then another connection is established between the same host, same port (that is, A.1500 and B.2000; this is called another "incarnation" of the
connection). But the sequence numbers chosen for the new incarnation just happen to overlap with the sequence number of the wandering duplicate that is about to reappear. (This is indeed possible, given the way sequence numbers are chosen for TCP connections.) Bingo, you are about to deliver the data from the wandering duplicate (the previous incarnation of the connection) to the new incarnation of the connection. To avoid this, you do not allow the same incarnation of the connection to be reestablished
until the TIME_WAIT state terminates.If the duration of the TIME_WAIT state were just to handle TCP‘s full-duplex close, then the time would be much smaller, and it would be some function of the current RTO (retransmission timeout), not the MSL (the packet lifetime).
A couple of points about the TIME_WAIT state.
o The end that sends the first FIN goes into the TIME_WAIT state, because that is the end that sends the final ACK. If the other end‘s FIN is lost, or if the final ACK is lost, having the end that sends the first FIN maintain state about the connection guarantees that it has enough information to retransmit the final ACK. o Realize that TCP sequence numbers wrap around after 2**32 bytes have been transferred. Assume a connection between A.1500 (host A, port 1500) and B.2000. During the connection one segment is lost and retransmitted. But the segment is not really lost, it is held by some intermediate router and then re-injected into the network. (This is called a "wandering duplicate".) But in the time between the packet being lost & retransmitted, and then reappearing, the connection is closed (without any problems) and then another connection is established between the same host, same port (that is, A.1500 and B.2000; this is called another "incarnation" of the
connection). But the sequence numbers chosen for the new incarnation just happen to overlap with the sequence number of the wandering duplicate that is about to reappear. (This is indeed possible, given the way sequence numbers are chosen for TCP connections.) Bingo, you are about to deliver the data from the wandering duplicate (the previous incarnation of the connection) to the new incarnation of the connection. To avoid this, you do not allow the same incarnation of the connection to be reestablished
Even the TIME_WAIT state doesn‘t complete solve the second problem,
given what is called TIME_WAIT assassination. RFC 1337 has more
details.
o The reason that the duration of the TIME_WAIT state is 2*MSL is
that the maximum amount of time a packet can wander around a
network is assumed to be MSL seconds. The factor of 2 is for the
round-trip. The recommended value for MSL is 120 seconds, but
Berkeley-derived implementations normally use 30 seconds instead.
This means a TIME_WAIT delay between 1 and 4 minutes. Solaris 2.x
does indeed use the recommended MSL of 120 seconds.
A wandering duplicate is a packet that appeared to be lost and was
retransmitted. But it wasn‘t really lost ... some router had
problems, held on to the packet for a while (order of seconds, could
be a minute if the TTL is large enough) and then re-injects the packet
back into the network. But by the time it reappears, the application
that sent it originally has already retransmitted the data contained
in that packet.
Because of these potential problems with TIME_WAIT assassinations, one
should not avoid the TIME_WAIT state by setting the SO_LINGER option
to send an RST instead of the normal TCP connection termination
(FIN/ACK/FIN/ACK). The TIME_WAIT state is there for a reason; it‘s
your friend and it‘s there to help you :-)
I have a long discussion of just this topic in my just-released
"TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3". The TIME_WAIT state is indeed, one of
the most misunderstood features of TCP.
I‘m currently rewriting "Unix Network Programming" (see ``1.5 Where
can I get source code for the book [book title]?‘‘). and will include
lots more on this topic, as it is often confusing and misunderstood.
An additional note from Andrew:
Closing a socket: if SO_LINGER has not been called on a socket, then
close() is not supposed to discard data. This is true on SVR4.2 (and,
apparently, on all non-SVR4 systems) but apparently not on SVR4; the
use of either shutdown() or SO_LINGER seems to be required to
guarantee delivery of all data.