select
 
select最早于1983年出现在4.2BSD中，它通过一个select()系统调用来监视多个文件描述符的数组，当select()返回后，该数组中就绪的文件描述符便会被内核修改标志位，使得进程可以获得这些文件描述符从而进行后续的读写操作。
select目前几乎在所有的平台上支持，其良好跨平台支持也是它的一个优点，事实上从现在看来，这也是它所剩不多的优点之一。
select的一个缺点在于单个进程能够监视的文件描述符的数量存在最大限制，在Linux上一般为1024，不过可以通过修改宏定义甚至重新编译内核的方式提升这一限制。
另外，select()所维护的存储大量文件描述符的数据结构，随着文件描述符数量的增大，其复制的开销也线性增长。同时，由于网络响应时间的延迟使得大量TCP连接处于非活跃状态，但调用select()会对所有socket进行一次线性扫描，所以这也浪费了一定的开销。
 
poll
 
poll在1986年诞生于System V Release 3，它和select在本质上没有多大差别，但是poll没有最大文件描述符数量的限制。
poll和select同样存在一个缺点就是，包含大量文件描述符的数组被整体复制于用户态和内核的地址空间之间，而不论这些文件描述符是否就绪，它的开销随着文件描述符数量的增加而线性增大。
另外，select()和poll()将就绪的文件描述符告诉进程后，如果进程没有对其进行IO操作，那么下次调用select()和poll()的时候将再次报告这些文件描述符，所以它们一般不会丢失就绪的消息，这种方式称为水平触发（Level Triggered）。
 
epoll
 
直到Linux2.6才出现了由内核直接支持的实现方法，那就是epoll，它几乎具备了之前所说的一切优点，被公认为Linux2.6下性能最好的多路I/O就绪通知方法。
epoll可以同时支持水平触发和边缘触发（Edge Triggered，只告诉进程哪些文件描述符刚刚变为就绪状态，它只说一遍，如果我们没有采取行动，那么它将不会再次告知，这种方式称为边缘触发），理论上边缘触发的性能要更高一些，但是代码实现相当复杂。
epoll同样只告知那些就绪的文件描述符，而且当我们调用epoll_wait()获得就绪文件描述符时，返回的不是实际的描述符，而是一个代表就绪描述符数量的值，你只需要去epoll指定的一个数组中依次取得相应数量的文件描述符即可，这里也使用了内存映射（mmap）技术，这样便彻底省掉了这些文件描述符在系统调用时复制的开销。
另一个本质的改进在于epoll采用基于事件的就绪通知方式。在select/poll中，进程只有在调用一定的方法后，内核才对所有监视的文件描述符进行扫描，而epoll事先通过epoll_ctl()来注册一个文件描述符，一旦基于某个文件描述符就绪时，内核会采用类似callback的回调机制，迅速激活这个文件描述符，当进程调用epoll_wait()时便得到通知。

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import select
import threading
import sys

while True:
    readable, writeable, error = select.select([sys.stdin,],[],[],1)
    if sys.stdin in readable:
        print ‘select get stdin‘,sys.stdin.readline()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import socket
import select

sk1 = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sk1.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
sk1.bind((‘127.0.0.1‘,8002))
sk1.listen(5)
sk1.setblocking(0)

inputs = [sk1,]

while True:
    readable_list, writeable_list, error_list = select.select(inputs, [], inputs, 1)
    for r in readable_list:
        # 当客户端第一次连接服务端时
        if sk1 == r:
            print ‘accept‘
            request, address = r.accept()
            request.setblocking(0)
            inputs.append(request)
        # 当客户端连接上服务端之后，再次发送数据时
        else:
            received = r.recv(1024)
            # 当正常接收客户端发送的数据时
            if received:
                print ‘received data:‘, received
            # 当客户端关闭程序时
            else:
                inputs.remove(r)

sk1.close()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import socket

ip_port = (‘127.0.0.1‘,8002)
sk = socket.socket()
sk.connect(ip_port)

while True:
    inp = raw_input(‘please input:‘)
    sk.sendall(inp)
sk.close()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import SocketServer

class MyServer(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler):

    def handle(self):
        # print self.request,self.client_address,self.server
        conn = self.request
        conn.sendall(‘欢迎致电 10086，请输入1xxx,0转人工服务.‘)
        Flag = True
        while Flag:
            data = conn.recv(1024)
            if data == ‘exit‘:
                Flag = False
            elif data == ‘0‘:
                conn.sendall(‘通过可能会被录音.balabala一大推‘)
            else:
                conn.sendall(‘请重新输入.‘)


if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
    server = SocketServer.ThreadingTCPServer((‘127.0.0.1‘,8009),MyServer)
    server.serve_forever()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import socket


ip_port = (‘127.0.0.1‘,8009)
sk = socket.socket()
sk.connect(ip_port)
sk.settimeout(5)

while True:
    data = sk.recv(1024)
    print ‘receive:‘,data
    inp = raw_input(‘please input:‘)
    sk.sendall(inp)
    if inp == ‘exit‘:
        break

sk.close()

class BaseServer:

    """Base class for server classes.

    Methods for the caller:

    - __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass)
    - serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
    - shutdown()
    - handle_request()  # if you do not use serve_forever()
    - fileno() -> int   # for select()

    Methods that may be overridden:

    - server_bind()
    - server_activate()
    - get_request() -> request, client_address
    - handle_timeout()
    - verify_request(request, client_address)
    - server_close()
    - process_request(request, client_address)
    - shutdown_request(request)
    - close_request(request)
    - handle_error()

    Methods for derived classes:

    - finish_request(request, client_address)

    Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
    instances:

    - timeout
    - address_family
    - socket_type
    - allow_reuse_address

    Instance variables:

    - RequestHandlerClass
    - socket

    """

    timeout = None

    def __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass):
        """Constructor.  May be extended, do not override."""
        self.server_address = server_address
        self.RequestHandlerClass = RequestHandlerClass
        self.__is_shut_down = threading.Event()
        self.__shutdown_request = False

    def server_activate(self):
        """Called by constructor to activate the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        pass

    def serve_forever(self, poll_interval=0.5):
        """Handle one request at a time until shutdown.

        Polls for shutdown every poll_interval seconds. Ignores
        self.timeout. If you need to do periodic tasks, do them in
        another thread.
        """
        self.__is_shut_down.clear()
        try:
            while not self.__shutdown_request:
                # XXX: Consider using another file descriptor or
                # connecting to the socket to wake this up instead of
                # polling. Polling reduces our responsiveness to a
                # shutdown request and wastes cpu at all other times.
                r, w, e = _eintr_retry(select.select, [self], [], [],
                                       poll_interval)
                if self in r:
                    self._handle_request_noblock()
        finally:
            self.__shutdown_request = False
            self.__is_shut_down.set()

    def shutdown(self):
        """Stops the serve_forever loop.

        Blocks until the loop has finished. This must be called while
        serve_forever() is running in another thread, or it will
        deadlock.
        """
        self.__shutdown_request = True
        self.__is_shut_down.wait()

    # The distinction between handling, getting, processing and
    # finishing a request is fairly arbitrary.  Remember:
    #
    # - handle_request() is the top-level call.  It calls
    #   select, get_request(), verify_request() and process_request()
    # - get_request() is different for stream or datagram sockets
    # - process_request() is the place that may fork a new process
    #   or create a new thread to finish the request
    # - finish_request() instantiates the request handler class;
    #   this constructor will handle the request all by itself

    def handle_request(self):
        """Handle one request, possibly blocking.

        Respects self.timeout.
        """
        # Support people who used socket.settimeout() to escape
        # handle_request before self.timeout was available.
        timeout = self.socket.gettimeout()
        if timeout is None:
            timeout = self.timeout
        elif self.timeout is not None:
            timeout = min(timeout, self.timeout)
        fd_sets = _eintr_retry(select.select, [self], [], [], timeout)
        if not fd_sets[0]:
            self.handle_timeout()
            return
        self._handle_request_noblock()

    def _handle_request_noblock(self):
        """Handle one request, without blocking.

        I assume that select.select has returned that the socket is
        readable before this function was called, so there should be
        no risk of blocking in get_request().
        """
        try:
            request, client_address = self.get_request()
        except socket.error:
            return
        if self.verify_request(request, client_address):
            try:
                self.process_request(request, client_address)
            except:
                self.handle_error(request, client_address)
                self.shutdown_request(request)

    def handle_timeout(self):
        """Called if no new request arrives within self.timeout.

        Overridden by ForkingMixIn.
        """
        pass

    def verify_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Verify the request.  May be overridden.

        Return True if we should proceed with this request.

        """
        return True

    def process_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Call finish_request.

        Overridden by ForkingMixIn and ThreadingMixIn.

        """
        self.finish_request(request, client_address)
        self.shutdown_request(request)

    def server_close(self):
        """Called to clean-up the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        pass

    def finish_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Finish one request by instantiating RequestHandlerClass."""
        self.RequestHandlerClass(request, client_address, self)

    def shutdown_request(self, request):
        """Called to shutdown and close an individual request."""
        self.close_request(request)

    def close_request(self, request):
        """Called to clean up an individual request."""
        pass

    def handle_error(self, request, client_address):
        """Handle an error gracefully.  May be overridden.

        The default is to print a traceback and continue.

        """
        print ‘-‘*40
        print ‘Exception happened during processing of request from‘,
        print client_address
        import traceback
        traceback.print_exc() # XXX But this goes to stderr!
        print ‘-‘*40

BaseServer

class TCPServer(BaseServer):

    """Base class for various socket-based server classes.

    Defaults to synchronous IP stream (i.e., TCP).

    Methods for the caller:

    - __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
    - serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
    - shutdown()
    - handle_request()  # if you don‘t use serve_forever()
    - fileno() -> int   # for select()

    Methods that may be overridden:

    - server_bind()
    - server_activate()
    - get_request() -> request, client_address
    - handle_timeout()
    - verify_request(request, client_address)
    - process_request(request, client_address)
    - shutdown_request(request)
    - close_request(request)
    - handle_error()

    Methods for derived classes:

    - finish_request(request, client_address)

    Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
    instances:

    - timeout
    - address_family
    - socket_type
    - request_queue_size (only for stream sockets)
    - allow_reuse_address

    Instance variables:

    - server_address
    - RequestHandlerClass
    - socket

    """

    address_family = socket.AF_INET

    socket_type = socket.SOCK_STREAM

    request_queue_size = 5

    allow_reuse_address = False

    def __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True):
        """Constructor.  May be extended, do not override."""
        BaseServer.__init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass)
        self.socket = socket.socket(self.address_family,
                                    self.socket_type)
        if bind_and_activate:
            try:
                self.server_bind()
                self.server_activate()
            except:
                self.server_close()
                raise

    def server_bind(self):
        """Called by constructor to bind the socket.

        May be overridden.

        """
        if self.allow_reuse_address:
            self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        self.socket.bind(self.server_address)
        self.server_address = self.socket.getsockname()

    def server_activate(self):
        """Called by constructor to activate the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        self.socket.listen(self.request_queue_size)

    def server_close(self):
        """Called to clean-up the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        self.socket.close()

    def fileno(self):
        """Return socket file number.

        Interface required by select().

        """
        return self.socket.fileno()

    def get_request(self):
        """Get the request and client address from the socket.

        May be overridden.

        """
        return self.socket.accept()

    def shutdown_request(self, request):
        """Called to shutdown and close an individual request."""
        try:
            #explicitly shutdown.  socket.close() merely releases
            #the socket and waits for GC to perform the actual close.
            request.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
        except socket.error:
            pass #some platforms may raise ENOTCONN here
        self.close_request(request)

    def close_request(self, request):
        """Called to clean up an individual request."""
        request.close()

class ThreadingMixIn:
    """Mix-in class to handle each request in a new thread."""

    # Decides how threads will act upon termination of the
    # main process
    daemon_threads = False

    def process_request_thread(self, request, client_address):
        """Same as in BaseServer but as a thread.

        In addition, exception handling is done here.

        """
        try:
            self.finish_request(request, client_address)
            self.shutdown_request(request)
        except:
            self.handle_error(request, client_address)
            self.shutdown_request(request)

    def process_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Start a new thread to process the request."""
        t = threading.Thread(target = self.process_request_thread,
                             args = (request, client_address))
        t.daemon = self.daemon_threads
        t.start()

ThreadingMixIn

class ThreadingTCPServer(ThreadingMixIn, TCPServer): pass

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import SocketServer

class MyServer(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler):

    def handle(self):
        # print self.request,self.client_address,self.server
        conn = self.request
        conn.sendall(‘欢迎致电 10086，请输入1xxx,0转人工服务.‘)
        Flag = True
        while Flag:
            data = conn.recv(1024)
            if data == ‘exit‘:
                Flag = False
            elif data == ‘0‘:
                conn.sendall(‘通过可能会被录音.balabala一大推‘)
            else:
                conn.sendall(‘请重新输入.‘)


if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
    server = SocketServer.ThreadingTCPServer((‘127.0.0.1‘,8009),MyServer)
    server.serve_forever()

服务端

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import socket


ip_port = (‘127.0.0.1‘,8009)
sk = socket.socket()
sk.connect(ip_port)
sk.settimeout(5)

while True:
    data = sk.recv(1024)
    print ‘receive:‘,data
    inp = raw_input(‘please input:‘)
    sk.sendall(inp)
    if inp == ‘exit‘:
        break

sk.close()

客户端

import socket
import threading
import select


def process(request, client_address):
    print request,client_address
    conn = request
    conn.sendall(‘欢迎致电 10086，请输入1xxx,0转人工服务.‘)
    flag = True
    while flag:
        data = conn.recv(1024)
        if data == ‘exit‘:
            flag = False
        elif data == ‘0‘:
            conn.sendall(‘通过可能会被录音.balabala一大推‘)
        else:
            conn.sendall(‘请重新输入.‘)

sk = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sk.bind((‘127.0.0.1‘,8002))
sk.listen(5)

while True:
    r, w, e = select.select([sk,],[],[],1)
    print ‘looping‘
    if sk in r:
        print ‘get request‘
        request, client_address = sk.accept()
        t = threading.Thread(target=process, args=(request, client_address))
        t.daemon = False
        t.start()

sk.close()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import SocketServer

class MyServer(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler):

    def handle(self):
        # print self.request,self.client_address,self.server
        conn = self.request
        conn.sendall(‘欢迎致电 10086，请输入1xxx,0转人工服务.‘)
        Flag = True
        while Flag:
            data = conn.recv(1024)
            if data == ‘exit‘:
                Flag = False
            elif data == ‘0‘:
                conn.sendall(‘通过可能会被录音.balabala一大推‘)
            else:
                conn.sendall(‘请重新输入.‘)


if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
    server = SocketServer.ForkingTCPServer((‘127.0.0.1‘,8009),MyServer)
    server.serve_forever()

服务端

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import socket


ip_port = (‘127.0.0.1‘,8009)
sk = socket.socket()
sk.connect(ip_port)
sk.settimeout(5)

while True:
    data = sk.recv(1024)
    print ‘receive:‘,data
    inp = raw_input(‘please input:‘)
    sk.sendall(inp)
    if inp == ‘exit‘:
        break

sk.close()

客户端

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

# event_drive.py

event_list = []


def run():
    for event in event_list:
        obj = event()
        obj.execute()


class BaseHandler(object):
    """
    用户必须继承该类，从而规范所有类的方法（类似于接口的功能）
    """
    def execute(self):
        raise Exception(‘you must overwrite execute‘)

事件驱动框架

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

from source import event_drive


class MyHandler(event_drive.BaseHandler):

    def execute(self):
        print ‘event-drive execute MyHandler‘


event_drive.event_list.append(MyHandler)
event_drive.run()

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

from twisted.internet import reactor, protocol
from twisted.web.client import getPage
from twisted.internet import reactor
import time

class Echo(protocol.Protocol):

    def dataReceived(self, data):
        deferred1 = getPage(‘http://cnblogs.com‘)
        deferred1.addCallback(self.printContents)

        deferred2 = getPage(‘http://baidu.com‘)
        deferred2.addCallback(self.printContents)

        for i in range(2):
            time.sleep(1)
            print ‘execute ‘,i


    def execute(self,data):
        self.transport.write(data)

    def printContents(self,content):
        print len(content),content[0:100],time.time()

def main():

    factory = protocol.ServerFactory()
    factory.protocol = Echo

    reactor.listenTCP(8000,factory)
    reactor.run()

if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
    main()

异步IO操作