一、JSON序列化
1、为什么要使用JSON：不同程序之间或不同语言之间内存数据的交互
在不同程序语言或程序之间交互数据的时候,数据的格式只有字符串格式的才可能被对端程序识别，而事实上，在数据交互的时候，大多数数据的数据类型是很复杂的，比如python的字典，而字典格式的数据是不能被别的程序语言识别的，那么久需要一个中间的媒介做翻译的功能，被该媒介翻译的数据的格式可以被其他程序识别，这种媒介就叫做JSON，类似于以前常见的XML，翻译数据的过程叫做序列化。
被JSON翻译之后任何数据都会转换为字符串类型，可以在网络(网络中只能传输字符串或二进制文件)中传输。字符串是所有程序都有的。
在将数据存入硬盘中(写入文件)的时候，数据的格式也必须是字符串格式的，JSON序列化之后的数据可以被写入文件当中。
dumps
name = {‘name‘:‘Charles‘}
import json
f = file(‘data_to_qq‘,‘wb‘)
name_after_transfer = json.dumps(name,f)
print type(name_after_transfer)
f.write(name_after_transfer)
f.close()
E:\python\python.exe E:/python_scripts/11S_06day/json_file.py
<type ‘str‘> #被JSON dumps之后的数据类型为字符串
文件:data_to_qq {"name": "Charles"} f = file(‘data_to_qq‘,‘rb‘) import json name = json.loads(f.read()) f.close() print name print name[‘name‘] E:\python\python.exe E:/python_scripts/11S_06day/qq_app.py {u‘name‘: u‘Charles‘} Charles
JSON的局限性：对于复杂的数据格式，如datetime.datetime.now()，JSON不能序列化。
2、dump/load和dumps/loads的区别:
dump直接将序列化的后的内容写入文件，而dumps是将序列化后的内容通过f.write()方法写入文件中,load/loads道理相同：
import json with open(‘data_to_qq‘,‘wb‘) as f: json.dump(name,f) with open(‘date_to_qq‘,‘wb‘) as f: name_after_transfer = json.dumps(name) f.write(name_after_transfer) print json.dumps(name) print type(json.dumps(name))
import json with open(‘data_to_qq‘,‘rb‘) as f: name = json.loads(f.read()) print name print name[‘name‘] import json with open(‘data_to_qq‘,‘rb‘) as f: name = json.load(f) print name print name[‘name‘]
3、pickle序列化
pickle只是针对python的，可以序列化几乎python的数据类型
二、subprocess模块
import subproces
cmd = subprocess.check_output(["dir"],shell=True) #和.call方法类似，只是call方法在命令执行错误的时候不会报错，而check_out会报错； cmd_res = subprocess.call(["dir"],shell=True) #类似于os.system()方法
#######################subprocess.call############################
>>> res = subprocess.call("ls -l",shell=True) #shell=True表示允许shell命令为字符串形式,如果是这样，那么前面的shell命令必须为一条命令
总用量 13296
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4 12月 5 06:07 456
>>> print res
0
>>> res = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"],shell=False) #shell=False，相当于将前面的字符串采用了.join方法
总用量 13296
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4 12月 5 06:07 456
>>> print res
0
#######################subprocess.check_call######################
>>> subprocess.check_call(["ls","-l"])
总用量 13296
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4 12月 5 06:07 456
0
>>> subprocess.check_call("exit 1",shell=True) #执行命令，如果执行状态码为0，则返回0，否则抛出异常
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py", line 511, in check_call
raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command ‘exit 1‘ returned non-zero exit status 1
>>> subprocess.check_call("exit 0",shell=True)
0
#######################subprocess.Popen############################
终端输入命令：分类
1、输入即可输出，如ifconfig
2、输入进入某环境，依赖该环境再输出
import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 1 \n ‘)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 2 \n ‘)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 3 \n ‘)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 4 \n ‘)
obj.stdin.close()
cmd_out = obj.stdout.read()
obj.stdout.close()
cmd_error = obj.stderr.read()
obj.stderr.close()
print cmd_out
print cmd_error
import subprocess
obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 1 \n ‘)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 2 \n ‘)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 3 \n ‘)
obj.stdin.write(‘print 4 \n ‘)
out_error_list = obj.communicate() #communicate方法可以输出标准输出和错误输出，添加到列表中
print out_error_list
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) out_error_list = obj.communicate(‘print "hello"‘) #communicate方法可以输出 print out_error_list
>>> obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"],stdin = subprocess.PIPE,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE) >>> obj.stdin.write(‘print 1 \n‘) >>> obj.stdin.write(‘print 2 \n‘) >>> obj.stdin.write(‘print 3 \n‘) >>> obj.stdin.write(‘print 4 \n‘) >>> obj.stdin.close() >>> cmd_out = obj.stdout.read() >>> obj.stdout.close() >>> cmd_error = obj.stderr.read() >>> obj.stderr.close() >>> print cmd_out 1 2 3 4 >>> print cmd_error
>>> obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"],stdin = subprocess.PIPE,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE) >>> out_error_list = obj.communicate(‘print "hello"‘) >>> print out_error_list (‘hello\n‘, ‘‘)
三、Shutil模块
高级的文件、文件夹、压缩包处理模块
shutil模块对压缩包的处理是调用ZipFile 和TarFile模块进行的
四、日期模块
对时间的操作，有三种方式:
import time
print time.time() #时间戳，即1970年1月1日起的秒数
print time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") #结构化的字符串
print time.localtime() #结构化时间，包含年、日、星期等
E:\python\python.exe E:/python_scripts/11S_06day/time_file.py
1452996161.57
2016-01-17
time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=1, tm_mday=17, tm_hour=10, tm_min=2, tm_sec=41, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=17, tm_isdst=0)
import time print time.time() #打印时间戳 import datetime print datetime.datetime.now() E:\python\python.exe E:/python_scripts/11S_06day/time_file.py 1452695581.91 2016-01-13 22:33:01.911000 ############################# 转为之间戳：可以设定格式 print time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H-%S") 2016-01-13 22-51 ############################# 字符串转为日期 t = time.strftime("2015-09-19","%Y-%m-%d") ############################ 日期的加减(只能针对天、小时和分钟) print datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=3)#和下一条效果相同 print datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=-3) print datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=3) print datetime.datetime.now() - datetime.timedelta(minutes=3)
五、logging日志模块
CRITICAL = 50 #日志的等级 FATAL = CRITICAL ERROR = 40 WARNING = 30 WARN = WARNING INFO = 20 DEBUG = 10 NOTSET = 0
用于便携记录日志和线程安全的(在多线程写日志的情况下，不会造成死锁)
六、re模块
################### match 从字符串的开头匹配 >>> import re >>> re.match("\d","abc123def") #匹配不成功无任何输出 >>> re.match(".","abc123def") #匹配成功返回对象 <_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x0047EA30> >>> re.match(".","abc123def").group() #打印输出匹配到的字符串 ‘a‘ ################### search 在整个字符串中匹配 >>> re.search("\d","abc123def") #\d表示数字 <_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x0047EA30> >>> re.search("\d","abc123def").group() ‘1‘ >>> re.search("\d+","abc123def456ghi").group() #+号表示重复一次或更多次 ‘123‘ ################### findall #找出所有符合的字符串 >>> re.findall("\d+","abc123def456ghi_*789dd") [‘123‘, ‘456‘, ‘789‘] >>> re.findall("[^\d+]","abc123def456ghi_*789dd") #找出所有非数字 [‘a‘, ‘b‘, ‘c‘, ‘d‘, ‘e‘, ‘f‘, ‘g‘, ‘h‘, ‘i‘, ‘_‘, ‘*‘, ‘d‘, ‘d‘] ################### .split #分割字符串 re.findall("[^\d+]","abc123def456ghi_*789dd") >>> re.split("[\d+]","abc123def456ghi_*789dd") [‘abc‘, ‘‘, ‘‘, ‘def‘, ‘‘, ‘‘, ‘ghi_*‘, ‘‘, ‘‘, ‘dd‘] >>> re.split("\d+","abc123def456ghi_*789dd") #以数字进行分割 [‘abc‘, ‘def‘, ‘ghi_*‘, ‘dd‘] >>> re.split("[\d+,\*]","abc123def456ghi_*789dd") #以数字或*分割 [‘abc‘, ‘‘, ‘‘, ‘def‘, ‘‘, ‘‘, ‘ghi_‘, ‘‘, ‘‘, ‘‘, ‘dd‘] ################### sub 替换 >>> re.sub("ab","YUE","abc123def456ghi_*789ddabc") #将ab替换为YUE，替换所有 ‘YUEc123def456ghi_*789ddYUEc‘ >>> re.sub("ab","YUE","abc123def456ghi_*789ddabc",count=1) #count参数可以设定替换几次 ‘YUEc123def456ghi_*789ddabc‘ >>> re.sub("ab","YUE","abc123def456ghi_*789ddabc",count=2) ‘YUEc123def456ghi_*789ddYUEc‘
.sub包含replcce功能，replace不能替换由正则表达式匹配的字符串； ################### 匹配IP地址 >>> re.search("(\d+\.){3}(\d+)",t) <_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x004BB020> >>> re.search("(\d+\.){3}(\d+)",t).group() ‘192.168.72.1‘
精确匹配IP地址
>>> re.search("(\d{1,2}|1\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.(\d{1,2}|1\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.(\d{1,2}|1\d\d|
2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])\.(\d{1,2}|1\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])",t).group()
‘192.168.72.1‘
###################
group和groups
>>> name = ‘Charles Chang‘ >>> re.search("(\w+)\s(\w+)",name) <_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x004BB020> >>> re.search("(\w+)\s(\w+)",name).group() ‘Charles Chang‘ >>> re.search("(\w+)\s(\w+)",name).groups() (‘Charles‘, ‘Chang‘) >>> re.search("(\w+)\s(\w+)",name).groups()[0] ‘Charles‘ >>> >>> re.search("(?P<name>\w+)\s(?P<last_name>\w+)",name) #起别名 <_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x004BB020> >>> res = re.search("(?P<name>\w+)\s(?P<last_name>\w+)",name) >>> res.group("name") ‘Charles‘ >>> res.group("last_name") ‘Chang‘
##################### 转义 >>> t = "\n\tabc" >>> print t abc >>> t = r"\n\tabc" >>> print t \n\tabc #################### compile 事先编译，在循环调用的使用提供效率 >>> p = re.compile("\d+") >>> re.search(p,‘12223‘) <_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x004505D0> >>> re.search(p,‘12223‘).group() ‘12223‘ >>> p.match(‘123‘) <_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x004505D0> >>> p.match(‘123‘).group() ‘123‘ >>> p.search(‘12223‘).group() ‘12223‘ >>>
split和search的区别: inpp = ‘1-2*((60-30 +(-40-5)*(9-2*5/3 + 7 /3*99/4*2998 +10 * 568/14 )) - (-4*3)/ (16-3*2))‘ content = re.search(‘\(([\+\-\*\/]*\d+\.*\d*){2,}\)‘,inpp).group() before,nothing,after = re.split(‘\(([\+\-\*\/]*\d+\.*\d*){2,}\)‘,inpp,1) print before print nothing print content print after 结果为: E:\python\python.exe E:/python_scripts/11S_07day/re_file.py [‘1-2*((60-30+‘, ‘-40-5‘, ‘*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2))‘] 1-2*((60-30+ -5 (-40-5) *(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2))
七、面向对象
################################ 类初始化的两种方式: 1、 class Person(object): def __init__(self,name): self.name = name print "--->create:",name def say_name(self): print "My name is %s" %self.name def eat(self): print "%s is eating...." %self.name p1 = Person("gf1") p2 = Person("gf2") p1.eat() E:\python\python.exe E:/python_scripts/11S_06day/class_sample.py --->create: gf1 --->create: gf2 gf1 is eating....
2、 class Person(object): def __init__(self,name): #self.name = name print "--->create:",name def say_name(self): print "My name is %s" %self.name def eat(self): print "%s is eating...." %self.name p1 = Person("gf1") p2 = Person("gf2") p1.name = "GF" p1.eat() E:\python\python.exe E:/python_scripts/11S_06day/class_sample.py --->create: gf1 --->create: gf2 GF is eating....
原文：http://www.cnblogs.com/cqq-20151202/p/5121171.html