upper-case letter2. 用于分隔数字或字母,例如电话号码:
1-800-621-23763. 用于排版时连接因断行而被打断的单词,例如:
My name is Phyllis; that‘s p-h-y-l-l-i-s.
Trust Law ranks the Congo as one of the most dangerous coun-EN DASH (–)
tries for sexual violence.
Her college years, 1998–2002, were the happiest in her life.2. 后面什么也不接。比如用于表示年代,若事件仍在进行中,en dash 后面不要加空格。
For documentation and indexing, see chapters 16–18.
In Genesis 6:13–22 we find God‘s instructions to Noah.
Join us on Thursday, 11:30 a.m.–4:00 p.m., to celebrate the New Year.
The London–Paris train leaves at two o‘clock.
I have blocked out December 2002–March 2003 to complete my manuscript.
Her articles appeared in Postwar Journal (3 November 1945–4 February 1946).
Green Bay beat Denver 31–24.
The legislature voted 101–13 to adopt the resolution.
Professor Plato‘s survey (1999–) will cover the subject in the final volume.3. 代替 hyphen 的用途。在复合型形容词中,如果其中一个构成元素是开放型复合词,或者如果其中两个或多个构成元素是开放型复合词或带 hyphen 的复合词,那么应使用 en dash。
Jane Doe (1950–); or Jane Doe (b. 1950)
the post–World War II years在上述前三例中,post 和 World War II,hospital 和 nursing home,以及 nursing home 和 home 都是所属新的复合词中的元素,这些元素本身已经是开放型复合词,为了避免混淆和层次清晰,应使用 en dash 来连接。第四例中,quasi-public 和 quasi-judicial 是两个独立的均带 hyphen 的复合词,它们需要进一步连接起来,所以中间用了 en dash。
a hospital–nursing home connection
a nursing home–home care policy
a quasi-public–quasi-judicial body (or, better, a judicial body that is quasi-public and quasi-judicial)
non-English-speaking peoples上述前两例都是单个词的复合,尽管由三个以上元素构成,一律都用 hyphen。第三例中,复合词的缩写(U.S.)视为一个词,所以也用 hyphen。
a wheelchair-user-designed environment (or, better, an environment designed for wheelchair users)
U.S.-Canadian relations
the University of Wisconsin–MadisonEM DASH (—)
the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
It was a revival of the most potent image in modern democracy—the revolutionary idea.3. 用于分隔引导从句的代词。
The influence of three impressionists—Monet, Sisley, and Degas—is obvious in her work.
The chancellor—he had been awake half the night—came down in an angry mood.
She outlined the strategy—a strategy that would, she hoped, secure the peace.
My friends—that is, my former friends—ganged up on me.
Consensus—that was the will-o’-the wisp he doggedly pursued.4. 表示思考或对话中句子结构的突然中断,有时也可用省略号代替。
Broken promises, petty rivalries, and false rumors—such were the obstacles he encountered.
Darkness, thunder, a sudden scream—nothing alarmed the child.
Kingston, who first conceived the idea; Barber, who organized the fundraising campaign; and West, who conducted the investigation—those were the women most responsible for the movement‘s early success.
"Will he—can he—obtain the necessary signatures?" asked Mill.但如果中断来自于所引用材料的外部,em dash 应当出现在引号的外面。例如:
"Well, I don‘t know," I began tentatively. "I thought I might—"
"Might what?" she demanded.
"Someday he‘s going to hit one of those long shots, and"—his voice turned huffy—"I won‘t be there to see it."5. 替代逗号,或与逗号一起使用。如果在需要使用 em dash 时,需要用逗号来分隔从句和独立分句时,逗号可以省略。
Because the data had not been fully analyzed—the reason for this will be discussed later—the publication of the report was delayed.但如果 em dash 出现在引用材料的末尾表示中断,应当在说话人的身份之前用逗号。例句:
"I assure you, we shall never—," Sylvia began, but Mark cut her short.6. 和其他标点连用。一般来说,em dash 可以跟在问号、感叹号的后面,但不能跟在逗号、冒号、分号的后面,也几乎不能跟在句号的后面。
All at once Richardson—can he have been out of his mind?—shook his fist in the ambassador‘s face.7. 用于代替引号。有些法语作家常用 em dash 代替引号表示对话,每段话另起一段。
Only if—heaven forbid!—you lose your passport should you call home.
—Will he obtain the necessary signatures?8. 用于索引。
—Of course he will!
—body armor: cuirass, 135–36, 147, 152,2-EM 和 3-EM DASHES (—— and ———)
244, 258, 260, 311; greaves, 135, 179,
260; helmets, 101, 135, 147, 221, 243,
258
"The region gives its —— to the language spoken there.3-em dash 用于参考文献(bibliography),后面接一个句号(.),表示和上一条是同一个作者。
Admiral N—— and Lady R—— were among the guests.
David H——h [Hirsch?] voted aye.
———. The Last Dinosaur Book. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.关于 en dash 和 em dash的用法,在英、美略有习惯差异,例如有的英国出版机构,如剑桥大学出版社、企鹅、劳特里奇等,喜欢用两边带空格的 en dash 来替代两边不带空格的 em dash,但这在美国很少见,而另一部分英国出版机构,如牛津大学出版社,也支持美国那种两边不带空格的 em dash 风格。
with temperature of ?5 to 25°C 【正确】
with temperature of ?5–25°C 【错误】
?4 to ?6°C 【正确】2. 少用 em dash
?4– ?6°C 【错误】
Book printing differs significantly from ordinary typing with respect to dashes, hyphens, and minus signs. In good math books, these symbols are all different; in fact there usually are at least four different symbols:在TeX中,连字符需要使用手动添加的并不多,因为TeX的断词算法相当强大,断行+断词的情况下会自动添加连字符。如需添加其他的断字选项,可使用\hyphenation{mom-ent}这个命令进行仿制。而对于连字符的形式,你都可以换成任意的符号形式,这需要使用\hypenchar命令进行调整。
a hyphen (-);
an en-dash (–);
an em-dash (—);
a minus sign (-?).
Hyphens are used for compound words like ‘daughter-in-law’ and ‘X-rated’. En-dashes are used for number ranges like ‘pages 13–34’, and also in contexts like ‘exercise 1.2.6–52’. Em-dashes are used for punctuation in sentences—they are what we often call simply dashes. And minus signs are used in formulas. A conscientious user of TeX will be careful to distinguish these four usages, and here is how to do it:
for a hyphen, type a hyphen (-);
for an en-dash, type two hyphens (--);
for an em-dash, type three hyphens (---);
for a minus sign, type a hyphen in mathematics mode ($-$).
-{}-
4.10 破折号U+2014(—)在Unicode规范中有一句注释"may be used in pairs to offset parenthetical text",这个作用适用于多种语言,在中文中对应于4.10.2的描述。
4.10.1 破折号的形式为“——”。
4.10.2 行文中解释说明的语句,用破折号标明。例如:a) 迈进金黄色的大门,穿过宽阔的风门厅和衣帽厅,就到了大会堂建筑的枢纽部分——中央大厅。4.10.3 话题突然转变,用破折号标明。例如:
b) 为了全国人民——当然包括自己在内——的幸福,我们每个人都要兢兢业业,努力工作。“今天好热啊!——你什么时候去上海?”张强对刚刚进门的小王说。4.10.4 声音延长,象声词后用破折号。例如:“呜——”火车开动了。4.10.5 事项列举分承,各项之前用破折号。例如:根据研究对象的不同,环境物理学分为以下五个分支学科:
——环境声学;
——环境光学;
——环境热学;
——环境电磁学;
——环境空气动力学。
英文破折号(em dash)、连接号(en dash)与连字符(hyphen)的区别及各自用法是什么?,布布扣,bubuko.com
英文破折号(em dash)、连接号(en dash)与连字符(hyphen)的区别及各自用法是什么?
原文:http://www.cnblogs.com/kungfupanda/p/3687619.html