Nginx学习指南之安装与配置
Nginx [engine x]是Igor Sysoev编写的一个HTTP和反向代理服务器,另外它可以作为邮件代理服务器。Nginx已经在众多流量很大的俄罗斯网站上使用了很长时间,这些网站包括Yandex,Mail.Ru、VKontakte,以及Rambler,在国内使用Nginx作为Web Server,Cache Server,Proxy Server网站包括百度,新浪,腾讯,网易,机锋网等,根据Netcraft统计,在2012年8月份,世界上最繁忙的网站中有11.48使用Nginx作为其服务器或者代理服务器。
Nginx是少数写入地址的C10K问题之一的服务器,不同于传统的服务器的是Nginx不依赖于线程来处理请求。相反,它使用了一个更具扩展性的事件驱动(异步)架构。这种结构采用小,但更重要的是,内存负载下可预见的数额。即便你不希望处理成千上万的并发请求,你仍然可以受益于Nginx的高性能和小内存占用。然而促使这些大型互联网企业选择Nginx的原因是什么,不仅仅是因为Nginx开源,而是因为Nginx拥有更多的特性。
1>处理静态文件,索引文件以及自动索引,能打开文件描述符缓存。
2>作为前端缓存服务器,可以加速用户访问请求,减轻后端应用服务器压力。
3>作为反向代理服务器,根据源地址哈希,权重实现负载均衡以及健康检查的容错功能。
4>远程Fastcgi,uwsgi,SCGI,和memcached服务的缓存加速支持。
Note:了解更多特性,请参阅官方文档:http://nginx.org/cn/
启动Nginx服务进程后,socket处于监听状态,当它侦听到一个HTTP请求时,Nginx Core通过查找配置文件将客户端请求映射到一个location block(location是Nginx配置中的一个指令,用于URL匹配),而在这个location中所配置的每个指令将会启动不同的模块去完成相应的工作。
##提示:
在执行下面的操作前,你必须保证你的服务器或则VMware虚拟机能够连接互联网,不然你看到的只是错误的提示;
[root@webserver1 ~]# mkdir /download/source -p [root@webserver1 ~]# cd /download/source/ [root@webserver1 source]# wget http://nginx.org/packages/centos/6/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-centos-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm --2014-05-07 00:33:45-- http://nginx.org/packages/centos/6/noarch/RPMS/nginx-release-centos-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm Resolving nginx.org... 206.251.255.63 Connecting to nginx.org|206.251.255.63|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 4311 (4.2K) [application/x-redhat-package-manager] Saving to: °nginx-release-centos-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm± 100%[==========================================================================================>] 4,311 25.5K/s in 0.2s 2014-05-07 00:33:45 (25.5 KB/s) - °nginx-release-centos-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm± saved [4311/4311] [root@webserver1 source]# ll nginx-release-centos-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4311 Oct 14 2011 nginx-release-centos-6-0.el6.ngx.noarch.rpm
##提示:
若使用Yum的方式安装,Nginx的功能是官方已经定制好的,如果你想使用nginx第三方模块,如Nginx网站加速模块ngx_pagespeed、文件上传模块nginx_upload_module、负载均衡模块nginx_upstream-fair,则需要下载Ngnx源码包后,附加上你需要的功能,然后编译安装;
[root@webserver1 source]# yum install nginx Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.btte.net * extras: mirrors.btte.net * updates: mirrors.btte.net Setting up Install Process Package nginx-1.6.0-1.el6.ngx.x86_64 already installed and latest version Note:事先已经安装过,再次安装便会提示already install;
[root@webserver1 source]# /etc/init.d/nginx start Starting nginx: [ OK ] [root@webserver1 source]# netstat -lntp Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 30063/nginx tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1910/sshd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1805/cupsd tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2061/master tcp 0 0 :::139 :::* LISTEN 29183/smbd
## 本地测试 [root@webserver1 source]# curl -I http://10.16.10.25/index.html HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.6.0 Date: Wed, 07 May 2014 08:06:47 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 612 Last-Modified: Thu, 24 Apr 2014 13:32:20 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: "53591264-264" Accept-Ranges: bytes
## Windows端firefox浏览器测试
configure arguments: --prefix=/etc/nginx--sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf--error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log--http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid--lock-path=/var/run/nginx.lock --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/client_temp--http-proxy-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/proxy_temp--http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp--http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/uwsgi_temp--http-scgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/scgi_temp --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module--with-http_realip_module--with-http_addition_module --with-http_sub_module--with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module--with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_random_index_module--with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_stub_status_module--with-http_auth_request_module --with-mail --with-mail_ssl_module--with-file-aio --with-ipv6 --with-http_spdy_module --with-cc-opt=‘-O2-g -pipe -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector--param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -m64 -mtune=generic‘
官方下载地址:http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz#稳定版
[root@webserver1 ~]# mkdir /download/source -p [root@webserver1 ~]# cd /download/source/ [root@webserver1 source]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz --2014-05-07 01:28:18-- http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz Resolving nginx.org... 206.251.255.63 Connecting to nginx.org|206.251.255.63|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 802956 (784K) [application/octet-stream] Saving to: °nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz± 100%[==============================================================>] 802,956 145K/s in 10s 2014-05-07 01:28:29 (76.5 KB/s) - °nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz± saved [802956/802956] [root@webserver1 source]# ll nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 802956 Apr 24 06:03 nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz
[root@webserver1 source]# tar –xf nginx-1.6.0.tar.gz [root@webserver1 source]# cd nginx-1.6.0 [root@webserver1 nginx-1.6.0]# ./configure --prefix=/application/nginx-1.6.0 --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-ipv6 --with-cc-opt=‘-O2 -g -pipe -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -m64 -mtune=generic‘ [root@webserver1 nginx-1.6.0]# make [root@webserver1 nginx-1.6.0]# make install
[root@webserver1 nginx-1.6.0]# ln -s /application/nginx-1.6.0/ /application/nginx [root@webserver1 nginx-1.6.0]# cd /application/nginx [root@webserver1 nginx]# groupadd nginx [root@webserver1 nginx]# useradd –r –g nginx nginx [root@webserver1 nginx]# vim ./conf/nginx.conf user nginx nginx; worker_processes 8; error_log logs/error.log notice; pid logs/nginx.pid; worker_rlimit_nofile 65535; events { use epoll; worker_connections 65535; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; log_format main ‘$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ‘ ‘$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ‘ ‘"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"‘; access_log logs/access.log main; sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; server_names_hash_bucket_size 128; client_header_buffer_size 32k; large_client_header_buffers 4 32k; client_max_body_size 8m; keepalive_timeout 60; # Load Nginx comperssion module gzip on; gzip_min_length 1k; gzip_buffers 4 16k; gzip_http_version 1.1; gzip_comp_level 3; gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]\."; gzip_types text/plain text/css application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml text/javascript; gzip_vary on; server { listen 80; server_name localhost; #charset koi8-r; charset utf-8; location / { root /data/bbs/program; index index.html index.htm; } location ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$ { expires 1d; } location ~* \.(css|js)$ { expires 1h; } error_page 404 /404.html; # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html # error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } …………………PHP,SSL部分省略…………………… }
[root@webserver1 nginx]# mkdir /data/bbs/program/ -p [root@webserver1 nginx]# vim /data/bbs/program/index.html <h1><center>Welcome to www.gfan.com site</center></h1> [root@webserver1 nginx]# /application/nginx/sbin/nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.0/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.6.0/conf/nginx.conf test is successful [root@webserver1 nginx]# /application/nginx/sbin/nginx [root@webserver1 nginx]# netstat -lntp Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 37376/nginx
##提示
文件句柄数,建议与nginx配置文件的rlimit,conntion参数保持一致;
[root@webserver1 nginx]# vim /etc/security/limits.conf #在文件最后,添加以下两行; * soft nofile 65535 * hard nofile 65535 [root@webserver1 nginx]# ulimit -SHn 65535 [root@webserver1 nginx]# ulimit -n 65535
##本地测试 [root@webserver1 nginx]# curl -I http://localhost/index.html HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.6.0 Date: Wed, 07 May 2014 09:42:06 GMT Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 38 Last-Modified: Wed, 07 May 2014 09:29:43 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: "5369fd07-26"
##Windows端firefox浏览器测试
##备注
此篇文档介绍Nginx两种最基础的安装方式与简单的优化过程,希望能带给大家一些帮助,后续会有更多关于Nginx的文章,不足之处,希望大家留言,一起交流,交流,共同进步,在此感谢。
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