默认情况下，调用类的构造函数时，java会把变量初始化成确定的值，所有的对象被设置成null，整数变量设置成0，float和double变量设置成0.0，逻辑值设置成false。当一个类从另一个类派生时，这一点尤其应该注意，因为用new关键字创建一个对象时，构造函数链中的所有构造函数都会被自动调用。这里有个注意，给成员变量设置初始值但需要调用其他方法的时候，最好放在一个方法比如initXXX()中，因为直接调用某方法赋值可能会因为类尚未初始化而抛空指针异常，如：public int state = this.getState();
在对被内部缓存的字符串进行比较时，可以直接使用“==”操作符，而不是更加耗时的equals方法。
/**
* Returns a canonical representation for the string object.
* <p>
* A pool of strings, initially empty, is maintained privately by the
* class {@code String}.
* <p>
* When the intern method is invoked, if the pool already contains a
* string equal to this {@code String} object as determined by
* the {@link #equals(Object)} method, then the string from the pool is
* returned. Otherwise, this {@code String} object is added to the
* pool and a reference to this {@code String} object is returned.
* <p>
* It follows that for any two strings {@code s} and {@code t},
* {@code s.intern() == t.intern()} is {@code true}
* if and only if {@code s.equals(t)} is {@code true}.
* <p>
* All literal strings and string-valued constant expressions are
* interned. String literals are defined in section 3.10.5 of the
* <cite>The Java? Language Specification</cite>.
*
* @return a string that has the same contents as this string, but is
* guaranteed to be from a pool of unique strings.
*/
public native String intern();小注： 一个Native Method就是一个java调用非java代码的接口。一个Native Method是这样一个java的方法：该方法的实现由非java语言实现，比如C。
equals源代码如下：
/**
* Compares this string to the specified object. The result is {@code
* true} if and only if the argument is not {@code null} and is a {@code
* String} object that represents the same sequence of characters as this
* object.
*
* @param anObject
* The object to compare this {@code String} against
*
* @return {@code true} if the given object represents a {@code String}
* equivalent to this string, {@code false} otherwise
*
* @see #compareTo(String)
* @see #equalsIgnoreCase(String)
*/
public boolean equals(Object anObject) {
if (this == anObject) {
return true;
}
if (anObject instanceof String) {
String anotherString = (String)anObject;
int n = value.length;
if (n == anotherString.value.length) {
char v1[] = value;
char v2[] = anotherString.value;
int i = 0;
while (n-- != 0) {
if (v1[i] != v2[i])
return false;
i++;
}
return true;
}
}
return false;
} 从代码中可以看出：1、String类对Object类的equals进行了重写
Object类equals方法如下：
/**
* Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this one.
* <p>
* The {@code equals} method implements an equivalence relation
* on non-null object references:
* <ul>
* <li>It is <i>reflexive</i>: for any non-null reference value
* {@code x}, {@code x.equals(x)} should return
* {@code true}.
* <li>It is <i>symmetric</i>: for any non-null reference values
* {@code x} and {@code y}, {@code x.equals(y)}
* should return {@code true} if and only if
* {@code y.equals(x)} returns {@code true}.
* <li>It is <i>transitive</i>: for any non-null reference values
* {@code x}, {@code y}, and {@code z}, if
* {@code x.equals(y)} returns {@code true} and
* {@code y.equals(z)} returns {@code true}, then
* {@code x.equals(z)} should return {@code true}.
* <li>It is <i>consistent</i>: for any non-null reference values
* {@code x} and {@code y}, multiple invocations of
* {@code x.equals(y)} consistently return {@code true}
* or consistently return {@code false}, provided no
* information used in {@code equals} comparisons on the
* objects is modified.
* <li>For any non-null reference value {@code x},
* {@code x.equals(null)} should return {@code false}.
* </ul>
* <p>
* The {@code equals} method for class {@code Object} implements
* the most discriminating possible equivalence relation on objects;
* that is, for any non-null reference values {@code x} and
* {@code y}, this method returns {@code true} if and only
* if {@code x} and {@code y} refer to the same object
* ({@code x == y} has the value {@code true}).
* <p>
* Note that it is generally necessary to override the {@code hashCode}
* method whenever this method is overridden, so as to maintain the
* general contract for the {@code hashCode} method, which states
* that equal objects must have equal hash codes.
*
* @param obj the reference object with which to compare.
* @return {@code true} if this object is the same as the obj
* argument; {@code false} otherwise.
* @see #hashCode()
* @see java.util.HashMap
*/
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
return (this == obj);
}2、String类的equals是用来比较两个对象内部的内容是否相等的。
==：是用来判断两个对象的地址是否相同，即是否是指相同一个对象。比较的是真正意义上的指针操作。
public static void main(final String[] args) {
List<Object> lists = new ArrayList<Object>();
lists.add("1");
lists.add("2");
lists.add("3");
lists.add("4");
List<Object> tempList = lists.subList(2, lists.size());
tempList.add("6");
System.out.println(tempList); // 1
System.out.println(lists); // 2
} 代码初步写好后，可能我们想达到的效果是：往集合lists的子集合tempList中添加一个元素6，而原有的集合保持不变。
/**
* Returns a view of the portion of this list between the specified
* {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, and {@code toIndex}, exclusive. (If
* {@code fromIndex} and {@code toIndex} are equal, the returned list is
* empty.) The returned list is backed by this list, so non-structural
* changes in the returned list are reflected in this list, and vice-versa.
* The returned list supports all of the optional list operations.
*
* <p>This method eliminates the need for explicit range operations (of
* the sort that commonly exist for arrays). Any operation that expects
* a list can be used as a range operation by passing a subList view
* instead of a whole list. For example, the following idiom
* removes a range of elements from a list:
* <pre>
* list.subList(from, to).clear();
* </pre>
* Similar idioms may be constructed for {@link #indexOf(Object)} and
* {@link #lastIndexOf(Object)}, and all of the algorithms in the
* {@link Collections} class can be applied to a subList.
*
* <p>The semantics of the list returned by this method become undefined if
* the backing list (i.e., this list) is <i>structurally modified</i> in
* any way other than via the returned list. (Structural modifications are
* those that change the size of this list, or otherwise perturb it in such
* a fashion that iterations in progress may yield incorrect results.)
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
return new SubList(this, 0, fromIndex, toIndex);
}
static void subListRangeCheck(int fromIndex, int toIndex, int size) {
if (fromIndex < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("fromIndex = " + fromIndex);
if (toIndex > size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("toIndex = " + toIndex);
if (fromIndex > toIndex)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex +
") > toIndex(" + toIndex + ")");
} 那么new SubList(this, 0, fromIndex, toIndex)是个什么鬼？ SubList(AbstractList<E> parent,
int offset, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
this.parent = parent;
this.parentOffset = fromIndex;
this.offset = offset + fromIndex;
this.size = toIndex - fromIndex;
this.modCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
} 从代码中可以看出来SubList其实通过指针是指向父list（将原有的list对象给缓存到SubList类对象的一个属性中去了），所以彼此之间会相互影响。SubList类的add/remove等修改元素的方法：public void add(int index, E e) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
checkForComodification();
parent.add(parentOffset + index, e);
this.modCount = parent.modCount;
this.size++;
}
public E remove(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
checkForComodification();
E result = parent.remove(parentOffset + index);
this.modCount = parent.modCount;
this.size--;
return result;
}public static void main(final String[] args) {
List<Object> lists = new ArrayList<Object>();
lists.add("1");
lists.add("2");
lists.add("3");
lists.add("4");
//注意这里是和本文顶部的代码不同的....
List<Object> tempList = new ArrayList<Object>(lists.subList(2, lists.size()));
tempList.add("6");
System.out.println(tempList); // 1
System.out.println(lists); // 2
} 结果如下：
if (list instance of RandomAccess) {
for(int m = 0; m < list.size(); m++){}
}else{
Iterator iter = list.iterator();
while(iter.hasNext()){}
}
原文：http://blog.csdn.net/jiankunking/article/details/52078189