动态语言的定义:动态编程语言是高级程序设计语言的一个类别,在计算机科学领域已被广泛应用。它是一类在运行时可以改变其结构的语言:例如新的函数、对象、甚至代码可以被引进,已有的函数可以被删除或是其他结构上的变化。动态语言目前非常具有活力。众所周知的ECMAScript(JavaScript)便是一个动态语言,除此之外如PHP、Ruby、Python等也都属于动态语言,而C、C++等语言则不属于动态语言。----来自维基百科
你是不是有过给class里面变量赋值却发现程序没达到自己预期结果的遭遇?是不是本来赋值给class.abc却赋给了class.abd?这其实是动态语言惹的“祸”!【博主以前玩的是java】我们先来试着玩一玩
>>> class Person(): def __init__(self, name = None, age = None): self.name = name self.age = age >>> P = Person("The_Third_Wave", "24") >>>
在这里,我们定义了1个类Person,在这个类里,定义了两个初始属性name和age,但是人还有性别啊!如果这个类不是你写的是不是你会尝试访问性别这个属性呢?
>>> P.sexuality = "male" >>> P.sexuality 'male' >>>这时候就发现问题了,我们定义的类里面没有sexuality这个属性啊!怎么回事呢?这就是动态语言的魅力和坑!这里实际上就是动态给实例绑定属性!所以博主“当年”从java转python被“坑”(无知啊)过!我们再看下一个例子
>>> P1 = Person("Wave", "25") >>> P1.sexuality Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#21>", line 1, in <module> P1.sexuality AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'sexuality' >>>我们尝试打印P1.sexuality,发现报错,P1没有sexuality这个属性!----给P这个实例绑定属性对P1这个实例不起作用!
那我们要给所有的Person的实例加上sexuality属性怎么办呢?答案就是直接给Person绑定属性!
>>>> Person.sexuality = None >>> P1 = Person("Wave", "25") >>> print P1.sexuality None >>>我们直接给Person绑定sexuality这个属性,重行实例化P1后,P1就有sexuality这个属性了!
那么function呢?怎么绑定?
>>> class Person(): def __init__(self, name = None, age = None): self.name = name self.age = age def eat(self): print "eat food" >>> def run(self, speed): print "Keeping moving, the speed is %s km/h" %speed >>> P = Person("The_Third_Wave", "24") >>> KeyboardInterrupt >>> P.run() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#5>", line 1, in <module> P.run() AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'run' >>> P.eat() eat food >>> import types >>> Person.run = types.MethodType(run, None, Person) >>> P.run(180) Keeping moving, the speed is 180 km/h >>>
绑定我们了解了,但是怎么删除呢?
请看以下例子首先给的是属性的真删:
>>> P.name 'The_Third_Wave' >>> P.sex Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#32>", line 1, in <module> P.sex AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'sex' >>> setattr(P, "sex", "male") # 増 >>> P.sex 'male' >>> delattr(P, "name") # 删 >>> P.name Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#36>", line 1, in <module> P.name AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'name' >>>
添加方法呢?
>>> class Person(): def __init__(self, name = None, age = None): self.name = name self.age = age def eat(self): print "eat food" >>> P = Person("The_Third_Wave", "24") >>> P.eat() eat food >>> P.run() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#41>", line 1, in <module> P.run() AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'run' >>> def run(self, speed): print "Keeping moving, the speed is %s" %speed >>> setattr(P, "run", run) >>> P.run(360) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#45>", line 1, in <module> P.run(360) TypeError: run() takes exactly 2 arguments (1 given) >>> P.run(1, 360) Keeping moving, the speed is 360 >>>删除
>>> delattr(P, "run") >>> P.run() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#48>", line 1, in <module> P.run() AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'run' >>>
通过以上例子可以得出一个结论:相对于动态语言,静态语言具有严谨性!所以,玩动态语言的时候,小心动态的坑!
那么怎么避免这种情况呢?请使用__slots__,但是我的是2.7.6版本,测试是不行的!代码如下:
>>> class Person(): __slots__ = ("location", "run") def __init__(self, name = None, age = None): self.name = name self.age = age def eat(self): print "eat food" >>> P = Person() >>> P.sex Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module> P.sex AttributeError: Person instance has no attribute 'sex' >>> P.sex = "male" >>>
具体原因是什么呢,本来是准备请等待更新:ing...的
BUT,我多写了个object就出来了。。。这可真是个神坑!soga!
>>> class Person(object): __slots__ = ("location", "run") def __init__(self, name = None, age = None): self.name = name self.age = age def eat(self): print "eat food" >>> P = Person() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#12>", line 1, in <module> P = Person() File "<pyshell#11>", line 5, in __init__ self.name = name AttributeError: 'Person' object has no attribute 'name' # 顺便还发现了个注意事项:要预先定义的属性也要写到tuple里面! >>> class Person(object): __slots__ = ("name", "age", "eat", "location", "run") def __init__(self, name = None, age = None): self.name = name self.age = age def eat(self): print "eat food" >>> P = Person() >>> P.sex = "male" Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#16>", line 1, in <module> P.sex = "male" AttributeError: 'Person' object has no attribute 'sex' >>> P.location = "china" >>> P.location 'china' >>> def run(self, speed): print "Keeping moving, the speed is %s km/h" %speed >>> setattr(P, "run", run) >>> P.run(u"请注意这儿参数和上面有个例子不一样哦", 720) Keeping moving, the speed is 720 km/h >>>
顺便还发现了个注意事项:要预先定义的属性也要写到tuple里面!
暂时写到这,不定期更新ing...关于slots的demo原文:https://docs.python.org/2/reference/datamodel.html?highlight=__slots__#__slots__
本文由@The_Third_Wave原创。不定期更新,有错误请指正。
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为什么说Python是一门动态语言--Python的魅力,布布扣,bubuko.com
原文:http://blog.csdn.net/zhanh1218/article/details/26858295