约束:
按功能划为:
NOT NULL , PRIMARY KEY , UNIQUE KEY , DEFAULT , FOREIGN KEY
按数据列的数目划为:
表级约束,列级约束
修改数据表:
针对字段的操作:添加 / 删除字段、修改列定义、 修改列名称等
针对约束的操作:添加 / 删除各种约束
针对数据表的操作:数据表更名(两种方式)
*** 约束保证数据的完整性和一致性
*** 约束分为表级约束和列级约束
*** 约束类型包括:
NOT NULL(非空约束)
PRIMARY KEY(主键约束)
UNIQUE KEY(唯一约束)
DEFAULT(默认约束)
FOREIGN KEY(外键约束)
1.外键约束的要求解析
1 [mysqld]2 default-storage-engine=INNODB
mysql> USE test; mysql> CREATE TABLE provinces( -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> pname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL -> ); mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE provinces;+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Table | Create Table |+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| tb0 | CREATE TABLE `provinces` ( `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `pname` varchar(20) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
mysql> CREATE TABLE users( -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, -> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED, -> FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id) -> );
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM provinces\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: provinces Non_unique: 0 Key_name: PRIMARYSeq_in_index: 1 Column_name: id Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM users\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: users Non_unique: 0 Key_name: PRIMARYSeq_in_index: 1 Column_name: id Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: users Non_unique: 1 Key_name: pid Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: pid Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> CREATE TABLE provinces( -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> pname VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL -> ); mysql> CREATE TABLE users1( -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> username VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, -> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED, -> FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id) ON DELETE CASCADE -> ); mysql> INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES(‘Tom‘); mysql> INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES(‘John‘); mysql> INSERT provinces(pname) VALUES(‘Driver‘); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES(‘Huang‘,2); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES(‘Li‘,3); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES(‘Pan‘,3); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES(‘He‘,1); mysql> INSERT users1(username,pid) VALUES(‘Long‘,2); mysql> SELECT * FROM users1;+----+----------+------+| id | username | pid |+----+----------+------+| 1 | Huang | 2 || 2 | Li | 3 || 5 | Pan | 3 || 6 | He | 1 || 7 | Long | 2 |+----+----------+------+mysql> SELECT * FROM provinces; +----+--------+| id | pname |+----+--------+| 1 | Tom || 2 | John || 3 | Driver |+----+--------+ mysql> DELETE FROM provinces WHERE id=3; mysql> SELECT * FROM provinces;+----+-------+| id | pname |+----+-------+| 1 | Tom || 2 | John |+----+-------+mysql> SELECT * FROM users1; +----+----------+------+| id | username | pid |+----+----------+------+| 1 | Huang | 2 || 6 | He | 1 || 7 | Long | 2 |+----+----------+------+
ALTER TABLE tbl_name(数据表名称) ADD [COLUMN] col_name(列名) column_definition(列定义) [FIRST(插入列到最前面)|AFTER(插入列到指定列的后方) col_name(列名)(如果不写FIRST和AFTER,则插入到最后一列)]
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1;+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 ADD age TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 10; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 ADD password VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL AFTER username; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | || password | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 ADD truename VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL FIRST; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| truename | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | || id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | || password | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
ALTER TABLE tbl_name(数据表名称) DROP [COLUMN] col_name(列名)
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 DROP truename; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | || password | varchar(32) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | 10 | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE users1 DROP age,DROP password; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users1; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || username | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY [index_type] (index_col_name,...) //添加 ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP PRIMARY KEY //删除
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX|KEY] [index_name] [index_type] (index_col_name,...) //添加 ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP {INDEX|KEY} index_name //删除
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY [index_name] (index_col_name,...) reference_definition //添加 ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_symbol //删除
ALTER TABLE tbl_name ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal|DROP DEFAULT} //添加 mysql> ALTER TABLE tbl_name ALTER age DROP DEFAULT; //删除
mysql> CREATE TABLE users2( -> username VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, -> pid SMALLINT UNSIGNED -> ); mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD id SMALLINT UNSIGNED; mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD CONSTRAINT pk_users2_id PRIMARY KEY (id); mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2;+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| username | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | | NULL | || id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 DROP PRIMARY KEY;
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD CONSTRAINT OK_users2_username UNIQUE KEY (username);
mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM users2\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: users2 Non_unique: 0 Key_name: OK_users2_username Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: username Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: users2 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: pid Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: pid Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 DROP INDEX OK_users2_username; mysql> SHOW INDEXES FROM users2\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: users2 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: pid Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: pid Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD FOREIGN KEY (pid) REFERENCES provinces (id);
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE users2; +--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Table | Create Table |+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| users2 | CREATE TABLE `users2` ( `username` varchar(20) NOT NULL, `pid` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL, `id` smallint(5) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT ‘0‘, `age` tinyint(4) NOT NULL, KEY `pid` (`pid`), CONSTRAINT `users2_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`pid`) REFERENCES `provinces` (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 DROP FOREIGN KEY users2_ibfk_1;
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ADD age TINYINT NOT NULL; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| username | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | || age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ALTER age SET DEFAULT 15; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| username | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | || age | tinyint(4) | NO | | 15 | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE users2 ALTER age DROP DEFAULT; mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM users2; +----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| username | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | || pid | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | MUL | NULL | || id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | 0 | || age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | |+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
ALTER TABLE tbl_name MODIFY [COLUMN] col_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER col_name]
ALTER TABLE tbl_name CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name new_col_name column_dufinition [FIRST|AFTER col_name]
ALTER TABLE old_tbl_name RENAME new_tbl_name
RENAME TABLE old_tbl_name TO new_tbl_name [,tbl_name2 TO new_tbl_name2]...
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原文:http://kurolz.blog.51cto.com/11433546/1929132