首页 > 其他 > 详细

requests

时间:2019-03-18 21:11:13      阅读:144      评论:0      收藏:0      [点我收藏+]

Requests模块

  Python标准库中提供了:urllib、urllib2、httplib等模块以供Http请求,但是,它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作,甚至包括各种方法覆盖,来完成最简单的任务。

  Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库,其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装,从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时,变得美好了许多,使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1、GET请求

# 1、无参数实例
  
import requests
  
ret = requests.get(https://github.com/timeline.json)
  
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)
  
  
  
# 2、有参数实例
  
import requests
  
payload = {key1: value1, key2: value2}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
  
print (ret.url)
print (ret.text)

 

 2、POST请求

 

# 1、基本POST实例
  
import requests
  
payload = {key1: value1, key2: value2}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
  
print(ret.text)
  
  
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
  
import requests
import json
  
url = https://api.github.com/some/endpoint
payload = {some: data}
headers = {content-type: application/json}
  
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
  
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)

 

 3、其他请求

requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)
requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)
requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.head(url, **kwargs)
requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)
requests.options(url, **kwargs)
  
# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建
requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

 

 4、更多参数

 

参数
   2.1 url
    
requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
     requests.request(method=‘post‘, url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘)
2.2 headers
    # 发送请求头到服务器端
    requests.request(
      method=‘POST‘, url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
      json={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘水电费‘},
      headers={‘Content-Type‘: ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded‘}
     )
 
2.3 cookies
   
 # 发送Cookie到服务器端
   
 
requests.request(
      method=‘POST‘,
       url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
      data={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘v2‘},
      cookies={‘cook1‘: ‘value1‘},
      )

    
#
也可以使用CookieJar(字典形式就是在此基础上封装)
from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
from http.cookiejar import Cookie
obj = CookieJar()
obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name=‘c1‘, value=‘v1‘, port=None, domain=‘‘, path=‘/‘,
secure=False, expires=None, discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={‘HttpOnly‘: None},
rfc2109=False, port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False) )
requests.request(method=‘POST‘, url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘, data={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘v2‘}, cookies=obj)
2.4 params
   
 # - 可以是字典
    # - 可以是字符串
# - 可以是字节(ascii编码以内)
    requests.request(method=‘get‘, url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘, params={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘水电费‘})
    requests.request(method=‘get‘, url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘, params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
    requests.request(method=‘get‘, url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘, params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding=‘utf8‘))
2.5
data,传请求体
   
 requests.request(
    method=‘POST‘,
    url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
    headers={‘Content-Type‘: ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded‘}
   )
    requests.request(

    method=‘POST‘,
     url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
    data=open(‘data_file.py‘, mode=‘r‘, encoding=‘utf-8‘),
    #文件内容是:k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
    headers={‘Content-Type‘: ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded‘}
   ) requests.post( ..., data
={‘user‘:‘root‘,‘pwd‘:‘123‘} ) GET /index http1.1\r\nhost:c1.com\r\n\r\nuser=root&pwd=123 2.6 json,传请求体 # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串,json.dumps(...) # 然后发送到服务器端的body中,并且Content-Type是 {‘Content-Type‘: ‘application/json‘} requests.request(
    method=‘POST‘, url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘, json={‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, ‘k2‘: ‘水电费‘}
)
   2.7代理 

#无验证
proxie_dict = { "http": "77.75.105.165", "https": "77.75.105.123", }
ret = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com",proxies=
proxie_dict)
   print(ret.headers)

#验证代理
  from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
  proxyDict = { ‘http‘: ‘77.75.105.165‘, ‘https‘: ‘77.75.105.165‘ }
  auth = HTTPProxyAuth(‘username‘, ‘mypassword‘)
  r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
  print(r.text)


   2.8上传文件 files
  
# 发送文件
   
file_dict = { ‘f1‘: open(‘xxxx.log‘,‘rb‘) }
requests.request( method=‘POST‘, url = ‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘, files=
file_dict )
   # 发送文件,定制文件名
      file_dict = {
       ‘f1‘: (‘test.txt‘, open(‘readme‘, ‘rb‘))
    }   requests.request(method=‘POST‘,url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,files=file_dict)
  # 发送文件,定制文件名
      file_dict = {
        ‘f1‘: (‘test.txt‘, "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
      }
    requests.request(method=‘POST‘,url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,files=file_dict)

  # 发送文件,定制文件名
    file_dict = {
      ‘f1‘: (‘test.txt‘, "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", ‘application/text‘, {‘k1‘: ‘0‘})
    }
    requests.request(method=‘POST‘, url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘, files=file_dict)


  
2.9 认证 auth
    
内部: 用户名和密码,用户名和密码加密,放在请求头中传给后台。
      -"用户|密码" -base64("用户:密码")
      -"basic base64("用户|密码")"

      -请求头: Authorization: "basic base64("用户|密码")"
    
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
    ret = requests.get(‘https://api.github.com/user‘,auth=HTTPBasicAuth(‘qwqw‘,‘11213‘
))
2.10超时
     ret1 = requests.get(‘http://google.com/‘, timeout=1)
print(ret1)
ret2 = requests.get(‘http://google.com/‘, timeout=(5, 1))
print(ret2)


2.11是否允许重定向
allow_redirects ret
= requests.get("http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/",allow_redirects=False)
print
(ret.text)
2.12 大文件下载stream
    ret = requests.get(‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘, stream=True)
    print(ret.content)
    ret.close()


  from contextlib import closing with closing(requests.get(‘http://htttpbin.org/get‘,stream=True)) as r1: #在此处理响应
     for i in r1.iter_content():
       print
(i)

2.13证书 cert
-百度、腾讯 =》不用携带证书(系统自动获取证书)
-自定义证书
requests.get(
‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,cert="xxxx/xxx/xxx.pem")
requests.get(‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,cert=("xxxx/xxx/xxx.pem","xxx.xx.xx.key"
))

2.14 确认
   verify = False

  2.15session
    import requests
      session = requests.Session()

    ### 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie

      i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

    ### 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
      i2 = session.post(
          url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
          data={
              phone‘: "8615131255089",
              password‘: "xxxxxx",
              oneMonth‘: ""
        }
    )

    i3 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
    )
    print(i3.text)
 
 

 

 5、总结

1、爬虫基本操作
    a、爬虫
        -定向
        -非定向
    
    b、
        下载页面:
        
        筛选:
            正则表达式
        =========开源模块=============================
        1、requests模块
            -方法
            -参数
            -session
                session = requests.Session()
                session.get()
                session.post()
            response = requests.get(http://www.autohome.com.cn/news/)
            response.txt
            
            总结:
                response = requests.get(URL)
                response.tetx
                response.content
                response.encoding
                response.aparent_encoding
                response.status_code
                
                
                
                
                
        2、beautisoup模块
            soup = BeautiSoup(response.txt,parser=html.parser)
            target=soup.find(id = auto-channel-lazyload-article)
            
            
            总结:
            find #匹配的第一个
            find_all#匹配的所有
            
            soup = beautifulsoup(<html>...</html>,features=html.parser)
            v1 = soup.find(div)#找soup孩子里面的第一个div
            v1 = soup.find(id=i1)#找soup孩子里面的第一个id=i1
            v1 = soup.find(div,id=i1)#找soup孩子里面的第一个div并且id=i1
            
            v2 = soup.find_all(div)
            v2 = soup.find_all(id=i1)
            v2 = soup.find_all(div,id=i1)
            
            obj = v1
            
            obj = v2[0]
            obj.text#获取对象的文本
            obj.attrs#获取对象的属性
        
        登录:
            页面刷新:form 表单提交
            页面不刷新:Ajax提交
        需求二:
        
            通过程序自动登录github
            requests
        需求三:爬取GitHub
            -带请求头
            -带cookie
            -请求体中:
                commit: Sign in
                utf8: ?
                authenticity_token: iWlPKAsJ9nQNDaqC47P27GWx37a08iBv/0io8C4QPUluL1JxyWJSt0ZlgBBWv3BeFJ4ywbR5dKWzSqwzhILH6Q==
                login: Yun-Wangj
                password: yun258762
        需求四:登录拉勾网
            -密码加密
                -找js,通过python实现加密方式
                -找密文,密文<=>密文
            -Referer头是上一次请求的地址,可用于做防盗链
        
        总结:
            请求头:
                user-agent
                referer
                host
                cookie
                
                特殊请求头,查看上一次请求获取内容,如拉勾网
            请求体:
                -原始数据
                -原始数据 + token
                -密文
                    -找算法
                    -使用密文
                    
            两种套路:
                -post登录获取cookie,以后携带cookie,
                -get获取未授权cookie,post登录携带cookie去授权,以后携带cookie

 

 

官方文档:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id4

BeautifulSoup模块

  BeautifulSoup是一个模块,该模块用于接收一个HTML或XML字符串,然后将其进行格式化,

之后遍可以使用他提供的方法进行快速查找指定元素,从而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素变得简单。

 

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse‘s story</title></head>
<body>
asdf
    <div class="title">
        <b>The Dormouse‘s story总共</b>
        <h1>f</h1>
    </div>
<div class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
    <a  class="sister0" id="link1">Els<span>f</span>ie</a>,
    <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
    <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</div>
ad<br/>sf
<p class="story">...</p>
</body>
</html>
"""
 
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")
# 找到第一个a标签
tag1 = soup.find(name=a)
# 找到所有的a标签
tag2 = soup.find_all(name=a)
# 找到id=link2的标签
tag3 = soup.select(#link2)

 

 

安装:

pip3 install beautifulsoup4

 

 

使用示例:

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 
html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse‘s story</title></head>
<body>
    ...
</body>
</html>
"""
 
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")

 

 

1. name,标签名称

# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)
# name = tag.name # 获取
# print(name)
# tag.name = ‘span‘ # 设置
# print(soup)

 

2. attr,标签属性

# tag = soup.find(‘a‘)
# attrs = tag.attrs    # 获取
# print(attrs)
# tag.attrs = {‘ik‘:123} # 设置
# tag.attrs[‘id‘] = ‘iiiii‘ # 设置
# print(soup)

 

3. children,所有子标签

# body = soup.find(‘body‘)
# v = body.children

 

4. children,所有子子孙孙标签

# body = soup.find(‘body‘)
# v = body.descendants

 

5. clear,将标签的所有子标签全部清空(保留标签名)

# tag = soup.find(‘body‘)
# tag.clear()
# print(soup)

 

6. decompose,递归的删除所有的标签

# body = soup.find(‘body‘)
# body.decompose()
# print(soup)

 

7. extract,递归的删除所有的标签,并获取删除的标签

# body = soup.find(‘body‘)
# v = body.extract()
# print(soup)

 

8. decode,转换为字符串(含当前标签);decode_contents(不含当前标签)

# body = soup.find(‘body‘)
# v = body.decode()
# v = body.decode_contents()
# print(v)

 

requests

原文:https://www.cnblogs.com/yunwangjun-python-520/p/10554876.html

(0)
(0)
   
举报
评论 一句话评论(0
关于我们 - 联系我们 - 留言反馈 - 联系我们:wmxa8@hotmail.com
© 2014 bubuko.com 版权所有
打开技术之扣,分享程序人生!