Alan Turing and Bletchley Park
- Top secret breaking effort(二战破译希特勒密码)
- 10,000 people at the peak(team effort)
- BOMBE:Mechanical Computer（“炸弹”密码破译机）
- Colossus:Electronic Computer(巨人计算机）
- 优势：真空管
- 没有内存
- 纸带
- 每秒读取5000字符
Bletchley Park（布莱切利公园）
- heroes,good guys
- location:north of London, between Oxford and Cambridge in England
- alias（别名）：X station（X站）
Alan Turing
- Bombe（“炸弹”密码破译机）:12 转、Mechanical Computer、from Bomba
- Turing 并未参与巨人计算机
Post-War
Bletchley Park was closed,Scientists leave separately(such as MIT), They can‘t forget the high speed of electrons.The upsurge in computer research has been set off.
1940s
- Alumni of the US and UK codebreaking efforts and other started building general purpose computers
- Manchester Baby
- Ferranti Mark I:1500 Electron tube
- Harvard Mark I
- US Army ENIAC：First Universal Computer （第一台通用计算机）
- Atanasoff–Berry Computer：First computer （第一台计算机）
- Mark II:2500 Electron tube
1950s
The value of scholars is valued（学者的价值被重视）
- Math / Science “Won the war”
- Broad-based investment in maintaining the US/West intellectual lead
- Mathemeticians were valued, recruited, brilliant, arrogant, and quirky
- "A Beautiful Mind" gives a sense of the culture of the time
John Forbes Nash(经济学博弈论)
- Received his Phd. Mathematics at Princeton in 1950 at 22 years old
- Mathematics faculty at MIT - 1951 - 1958
- Schizophrenia 1959 - 1995
- Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences - 1994
Phone Line Networking
- Dialup：拨号调解器
- Leased：租用线路（贵）
Dial-Up Access（拨号接入）
- connect to one computer without having to walk across campus
- You could ‘call‘ other computers long distance
- The characters were encoded as sound
- Pretty Common in the 1970’s
Data Transfer with Leased Lines（专用线路数据传输）
- No dialing was needed leased lines are always connected
- connected dedicated phone wires and permanent connections
- Expensive because of limited copper - cost was based on distance
- a dedicated connection between two points from the phone company
Store and Forward Networking（存储转发）
- Saving Money with More "Hops"（节省开支）
- find cloest school to make conetction
- 排队产生的问题
- E-Mail could make it across the country in six hours to about 2 days
BITNET
- Academic network in the 1980’s
Efficient Message Transmission: Packet Switching
- Challenge/Problem: in a simple approach, like store-and-forward, large messages block small ones
- Break each message into packets(大化小)
- Can allow the packets from a single message to travel over different paths, dynamically adjusting for use（允许不同路径）
- Router：Use special-purpose computers, called routers, for the traffic control
- Packets are breaking a big message into small part, labeling each one of them individual, and then throwing them into the shared network
Shared Network
- a problem:circle
- As science needed faster and faster computers, more universities asked for their own Multimillion dollar supercomputer
- The National Science Foundation asked, “Why not buy a few supercomputers, and build up a national shared network?”-->NSF Net
- NSF Net
- NSFNet was funded by the National Science Foundation
- Standardized on TCP/IP
- The first national TCP/IP network that was “inclusive”
- Initially the goal was all research universities（最初为了高校）
- In about 1989-1990, the "academic-only" started being relaxed - led to Internet Service Providers making "dial-up Internet" available to the general public(慢慢普及公众)
- Michigan‘s State-Wide Network
- In 1969, Merit was one of the earliest network projects that was intended for use by an entire campus population of students, faculty, and alumni.
The Beginning of the Web: CERN
- The Internet was infrastructure - the web gave the Internet a “user interface and URLs
- The Web(万维网） was invented at CERN by Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau
- CERN developed browsers and servers - with a goal of worldwide hyperlinked documents
The First Web Server in America
- The first web server in America was at the Stanford Linear Accellerator (SLAC)
- It was a database of 300,000 research papers
1993: Gopher is Dominant
- Gopher BOF - 200 attendees
- World-Wide Web BOF - 15 attendees including Tim Berners-Lee
Mosaic - Netscape - Mozilla - Firefox
- Mosaic：the first “consumer” web browser developed at NCSA
- Netscape Founded - April 4, 1994
- As Microsoft worked to suffocate Netscape::
- JavaScript ：was invented to compete with Visual Basic (1995)、一种抽象工具、可扩展性强、非Java、simple、free
- Netscape slowly leaked out into Open Source as Mozilla - which later became FireFox (late 1990‘s)
- FireFox
- search box gave the small Mozilla Foundation millions of dollars of revenue（火狐搜索框）
- leave Netscape, and create firefox(11 persons)
Internet History
原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/zlonglongago/p/10680591.html
