爬虫基本流程

1. 发起请求：通过http库向目标站点发起请求，即发送一个request，请求可以包含额外的headers等信息，等待服务器相应
2. 获取相应内容：如果服务器能正常相应，会得到一个response，response的内容便是所要获取的页面内容，类型可能有HTML，json字符串，二进制数据（如图片视频）等类型
3. 解析内容：得到的内容可能是HTML，可以用正则表达式，网页解析库进行解析，可能是json，可以直接转为json对象，可能是二进制数据，可以做保存或者进一步的处理
4. 保存数据：可以存为文本，也可以保存至数据库，或者特定格式的文件

request和response

1. 浏览器发送消息给该网址所在的服务器，叫http request
2. 服务器收到浏览器发送的消息后，能够根据浏览器发送消息的内容，做相应处理，然后把消息回传给浏览器，叫http response
3. 浏览器收到服务器的response信息后，对信息进行相应处理，然后展示

request

请求方式有get，post两种，另外还有head，put，delete，options等
请求URL，全球统一资源定位符，任何一个网页图片文档等，都可以用URL唯一确定
请求头，包含请求时的头部信息，如user-agent，host，cookies等
请求体，请求时额外携带的数据，如表单提交时的表单数据

response

响应状态，有多种相应状态200成功，301跳转，404找不到页面，502服务器错误
响应头，如内容类型，内容长度吗，服务器信息，设置cookies等
响应体，最主要的部分，包括了请求资源的内容，如网页HTML，图片，二进制数据等

演示

import requests    # 网页
 
uheaders = {
'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/70.0.3538.67 Safari/537.36'}
response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com', headers=uheaders)
print(response.text)
print(response.headers)
print(response.status_code)
 
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/img/baidu_jgylogo3.gif')    # 图片
res = response.content
with open('1.gif','wb') as f:
    f.write(res)

解析方式

直接处理
json解析
正则表达式
beautifulsoup
pyquery
xpath

requests库

各种请求方法

import requests
 
requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')

基本get请求

1. 基本写法

import requests
 
response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.text)
 
{
  "args": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.19.1"
  }, 
  "origin": "115.214.23.142", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get"
}

2. 带参数get请求

import requests
 
response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22')
print(response.text)
 
data={'name':'germey','age':22}
response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params=data)
 
{
  "args": {
    "age": "22", 
   "name": "germey"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.19.1"
  }, 
  "origin": "115.214.23.142", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22"
}

3. 解析json

import requests
 
response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(type(response.text))
print(response.json())
print(type(response.json()))

<class 'str'>
{'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.19.1'}, 'origin': '115.214.23.142', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
<class 'dict'>

4. 获取二进制数据

import requests
 
response=requests.get('http://github.com/favicon.ico')
with open() as f:
    f.write(response.content)

5. 添加headers

import requests
 
headers={'User-Agent':''}
response=requests.get('http://www.zhihu.com/explore',headers=headers)
print(response.text)

基本post请求

import requests
 
data={'name':'germey','age':22}
headers={'User-Agent':''}
response=requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',data=data,headers=headers)
print(response.json())
 
{'args': {}, 'data': '', 'files': {}, 'form': {'age': '22', 'name': 'germey'}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Content-Length': '18', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': ''}, 'json': None, 'origin': '115.214.23.142', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/post'}

响应

response属性

import requests
 
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
print(type(response.headers), response.headers)
print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)
print(type(response.url), response.url)
print(type(response.history), response.history)
 
<class 'int'> 403
<class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'> {'Date': 'Wed, 31 Oct 2018 06:25:29 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'text/html', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Server': 'Tengine', 'Strict-Transport-Security': 'max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'X-Via': '1.1 dianxinxiazai180:5 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0), 1.1 PSzjjxdx10wx178:11 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0)'}
<class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'> <RequestsCookieJar[]>
<class 'str'> https://www.jianshu.com/
<class 'list'> [<Response [301]>]

状态码判断：

好多种

高级操作

文件上传

import requests
 
files={'file':open('1.jpg','rb')}
response=requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',files=files)
print(response.text)

获取cookie

import requests
 
response=requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
print(response.cookies)
for key,value in response.cookies.items():
    print(key+'='+value)
 
<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
BDORZ=27315

会话维持

import requests
 
s=requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
response=s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)
 
{"cookies": {"number": "123456789"}}

证书验证

代理设置

超时设置

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
    response=requests.get('https://www.taobao.com',timeout= 1)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print('Timeout')

认证设置

import requests
 
r = requests.get('', auth=('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)

异常处理

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,ConnectionError,RequestException
try:
    response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',timeout=0.5)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print('Timeout')
except ConnectionError:
    print('connect error')
except RequestException:
    print('Error')

beautifulsoup库

爬取汽车之家示例

import requests # 伪造浏览器发起Http请求
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup # 将html格式的字符串解析成对象，对象.find/find__all
 
response = requests.get('https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/')
response.encoding = 'gbk'  # 网站是gbk编码的
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
div = soup.find(name='div', attrs={'id': 'auto-channel-lazyload-article'})
li_list = div.find_all(name='li')
for li in li_list:
    title = li.find(name='h3')
    if not title:
        continue
    p = li.find(name='p')
    a = li.find(name='a')
    print(title.text)  # 标题
    print(a.attrs.get('href'))  # 标题链接，取属性值，字典形式
    print(p.text)  # 摘要
    img = li.find(name='img')  # 图片
    src = img.get('src')
    src = 'https:' + src
    print(src)
    file_name = src.rsplit('/', maxsplit=1)[1]
    ret = requests.get(src)
    with open(file_name, 'wb') as f:
        f.write(ret.content)  # 二进制
 

爬虫之request

原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/qiuyicheng/p/10753117.html