es6中的类
使用 class
定义类,使用 constructor
定义构造函数。通过 new
生成新实例的时候,会自动调用构造函数。
class Animal { constructor(name) { this.name = name; } sayHi() { return `My name is ${this.name}`; } } let a = new Animal(‘Jack‘); console.log(a.sayHi()); // My name is Jack
使用 extends
关键字实现继承,子类中使用 super
关键字来调用父类的构造函数和方法。
class Cat extends Animal { constructor(name) { super(name); // 调用父类的 constructor(name) console.log(this.name); } sayHi() { return ‘Meow, ‘ + super.sayHi(); // 调用父类的 sayHi() } } let c = new Cat(‘Tom‘); // Tom console.log(c.sayHi()); // Meow, My name is Tom
存取器
使用 getter 和 setter 可以改变属性的赋值和读取行为:
class Animal { constructor(name) { this.name = name; } get name() { return ‘Jack‘; } set name(value) { console.log(‘setter: ‘ + value); } } let a = new Animal(‘Kitty‘); // setter: Kitty a.name = ‘Tom‘; // setter: Tom console.log(a.name); // Jack
静态方法
使用 static
修饰符修饰的方法称为静态方法,它们不需要实例化,而是直接通过类来调用:
class Animal { static isAnimal(a) { return a instanceof Animal; } } let a = new Animal(‘Jack‘); Animal.isAnimal(a); // true a.isAnimal(a); // TypeError: a.isAnimal is not a function
es7中的类
ES6 中实例的属性只能通过构造函数中的 this.xxx
来定义,ES7 提案中可以直接在类里面定义:
class Animal { name = ‘Jack‘; constructor() { // ... } } let a = new Animal(); console.log(a.name); // Jack
ES7 提案中,可以使用 static
定义一个静态属性:
class Animal { static num = 42; constructor() { // ... } } console.log(Animal.num); // 42
TypeScript 中类的用法
TypeScript 可以使用三种访问修饰符(Access Modifiers),分别是 public
、private
和 protected
。
public
修饰的属性或方法是公有的,可以在任何地方被访问到,默认所有的属性和方法都是 public
的
private
修饰的属性或方法是私有的,不能在声明它的类的外部访问
protected
修饰的属性或方法是受保护的,它和 private
类似,区别是它在子类中也是允许被访问的
class Animal { public name; public constructor(name) { this.name = name; } } let a = new Animal(‘Jack‘); console.log(a.name); // Jack a.name = ‘Tom‘; console.log(a.name); // Tom
class Animal { private name; public constructor(name) { this.name = name; } } let a = new Animal(‘Jack‘); console.log(a.name); // Jack a.name = ‘Tom‘; // index.ts(9,13): error TS2341: Property ‘name‘ is private and only accessible within class ‘Animal‘. // index.ts(10,1): error TS2341: Property ‘name‘ is private and only accessible within class ‘Animal‘.
上面的例子编译后的代码是:
var Animal = (function () { function Animal(name) { this.name = name; } return Animal; }()); var a = new Animal(‘Jack‘); console.log(a.name); a.name = ‘Tom‘;
使用 private
修饰的属性或方法,在子类中也是不允许访问的:
class Animal { private name; public constructor(name) { this.name = name; } } class Cat extends Animal { constructor(name) { super(name); console.log(this.name); } } // index.ts(11,17): error TS2341: Property ‘name‘ is private and only accessible within class ‘Animal‘.
而如果是用 protected
修饰,则允许在子类中访问:
class Animal { protected name; public constructor(name) { this.name = name; } } class Cat extends Animal { constructor(name) { super(name); console.log(this.name); } }
abstract
用于定义抽象类和其中的抽象方法。
抽象类是不允许被实例化的:
abstract class Animal { public name; public constructor(name) { this.name = name; } public abstract sayHi(); } let a = new Animal(‘Jack‘); // index.ts(9,11): error TS2511: Cannot create an instance of the abstract class ‘Animal‘.
抽象类中的抽象方法必须被子类实现:
abstract class Animal { public name; public constructor(name) { this.name = name; } public abstract sayHi(); } class Cat extends Animal { public eat() { console.log(`${this.name} is eating.`); } } let cat = new Cat(‘Tom‘); // index.ts(9,7): error TS2515: Non-abstract class ‘Cat‘ does not implement inherited abstract member ‘sayHi‘ from class ‘Animal‘.
上面的例子中,我们定义了一个类 Cat
继承了抽象类 Animal
,但是没有实现抽象方法 sayHi
,所以编译报错了。下面是一个正确使用抽象类的例子:
abstract class Animal { public name; public constructor(name) { this.name = name; } public abstract sayHi(); } class Cat extends Animal { public sayHi() { console.log(`Meow, My name is ${this.name}`); } } let cat = new Cat(‘Tom‘);
上面的例子中,我们实现了抽象方法 sayHi
,编译通过了。需要注意的是,即使是抽象方法,TypeScript 的编译结果中,仍然会存在这个类,上面的代码的编译结果是:
var __extends = (this && this.__extends) || function (d, b) { for (var p in b) if (b.hasOwnProperty(p)) d[p] = b[p]; function __() { this.constructor = d; } d.prototype = b === null ? Object.create(b) : (__.prototype = b.prototype, new __()); }; var Animal = (function () { function Animal(name) { this.name = name; } return Animal; }()); var Cat = (function (_super) { __extends(Cat, _super); function Cat() { _super.apply(this, arguments); } Cat.prototype.sayHi = function () { console.log(‘Meow, My name is ‘ + this.name); }; return Cat; }(Animal)); var cat = new Cat(‘Tom‘);
给类加上 TypeScript 的类型很简单,与接口类似:
class Animal { name: string; constructor(name: string) { this.name = name; } sayHi(): string { return `My name is ${this.name}`; } } let a: Animal = new Animal(‘Jack‘); console.log(a.sayHi()); // My name is Jack
原文:https://www.cnblogs.com/xjy20170907/p/10883039.html