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虽然在Python中你可以为元类使用任意的callables,实际上更有用的方法是使它成为一个真正的类本身。
type是Python中常用的元类。type它本身就是一个类,它是它自己的类型。
你将无法使用type在Python中重新创建纯粹的东西。
元类最常用作类工厂。就像通过调用类创建类的实例一样,Python通过调用元类创建了一个新类(当它执行‘class‘语句时)。结合__init__和__new__方法,元类因此允许您在创建类时执行“额外的事情”,例如使用某个注册表注册新类,或者甚至完全用其他内容替换类。
元类是通过查看待定类的基类(继承的元类),__metaclass__将要在类的属性(如果有)或__metaclass__全局变量来确定的。然后使用类的名称,基数和属性调用元类来实例化它。
但是,元类实际上定义了类的类型,而不仅仅是它的工厂,所以你可以用它们做更多的事情。例如,您可以在元类上定义常规方法。这些元类方法就像类方法一样,因为它们可以在没有实例的类上调用,但它们也不像类方法,因为它们不能在类的实例上调用。type.__subclasses__()是type元类的方法示例。您还可以定义常规的“魔术”方法,例如__add__,__iter__以及__getattr__实现或更改类的行为方式。
这是例示:
def make_hook(f): """Decorator to turn ‘foo‘ method into ‘__foo__‘""" f.is_hook = 1 return f class MyType(type): def __new__(mcls, name, bases, attrs): if name.startswith(‘None‘): return None # Go over attributes and see if they should be renamed. newattrs = {} for attrname, attrvalue in attrs.iteritems(): if getattr(attrvalue, ‘is_hook‘, 0): newattrs[‘__%s__‘ % attrname] = attrvalue else: newattrs[attrname] = attrvalue return super(MyType, mcls).__new__(mcls, name, bases, newattrs) def __init__(self, name, bases, attrs): super(MyType, self).__init__(name, bases, attrs) # classregistry.register(self, self.interfaces) print "Would register class %s now." % self def __add__(self, other): class AutoClass(self, other): pass return AutoClass # Alternatively, to autogenerate the classname as well as the class: # return type(self.__name__ + other.__name__, (self, other), {}) def unregister(self): # classregistry.unregister(self) print "Would unregister class %s now." % self class MyObject: __metaclass__ = MyType class NoneSample(MyObject): pass # Will print "NoneType None" print type(NoneSample), repr(NoneSample) class Example(MyObject): def __init__(self, value): self.value = value @make_hook def add(self, other): return self.__class__(self.value + other.value) # Will unregister the class Example.unregister() inst = Example(10) # Will fail with an AttributeError #inst.unregister() print inst + inst class Sibling(MyObject): pass ExampleSibling = Example + Sibling # ExampleSibling is now a subclass of both Example and Sibling (with no # content of its own) although it will believe it‘s called ‘AutoClass‘ print ExampleSibling print ExampleSibling.__mro__
原文:https://www.cnblogs.com/fuchen9527/p/10900314.html