minikube
Minikube是一个工具，可以在本地快速运行一个单点的Kubernetes，尝试Kubernetes或日常开发的用户使用。不能用于生产环境。
官方文档：https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/minikube/
kubeadm
kubeadm可帮助你快速部署一套kubernetes集群。kubeadm设计目的为新用户开始尝试kubernetes提供一种简单的方法。目前是Beta版。
官方文档：https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/setup-tools/kubeadm/kubeadm/
https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/independent/install-kubeadm/
二进制包
从官方下载发行版的二进制包，手动部署每个组件，组成Kubernetes集群。目前企业生产环境中主要使用该方式。
下载地址：https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/CHANGELOG-1.11.md#v1113

1. 安装要求
   操作系统
   Ubuntu 16.04+、Debian 9、CentOS 7、RHEL 7、Fedora 25/26 (best-effort)、其他
   内存2GB + ，2核CPU +
   集群节点之间可以通信
   每个节点唯一主机名，MAC地址和product_uuid
   检查MAC地址：使用ip link或者ifconfig -a
   检查product_uuid：cat /sys/class/dmi/id/product_uuid
   禁止swap分区。这样才能使kubelet正常工作
2. 准备环境
   以下内容（master和node都需要执行）
   关闭防火墙：
   systemctl stop firewalld
   systemctl disable firewalld

关闭selinux：
sed -i ‘s/enforcing/disabled/‘ /etc/selinux/config
setenforce 0

关闭swap：
swapoff -a # 临时
vim /etc/fstab # 永久

添加主机名与IP对应关系：
cat /etc/hosts
192.168.0.246 k8s-master
192.168.0.247 k8s-node1
192.168.0.248 k8s-node2

同步时间：
yum install ntpdate -y
ntpdate ntp.api.bz

3. 安装Docker
   Docker与Kubernetes关系图：

设置阿里云docker（master和node都需要执行）
yum remove docker docker-common docker-selinux docker-engine –y
yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
yum-config-manager --add-repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
yum list docker-ce --showduplicates | sort –r
yum makecache fast
yum install docker-ce-18.06.1.ce -y
或者可以设置官方docker
yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
yum-config-manager --add-repo https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
yum install docker-ce-18.06.1.ce -y #目前kubeadm最大支持docker-ce-17.03，所以要指定该版本安装
systemctl enable docker && systemctl start docker
如果提示container-selinux依赖问题，先安装ce-18.06匹配版本：
yum localinstall https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/7/x86_64/stable/Packages/docker-ce-selinux-17.03.3.ce-1.el7.noarch.rpm
最新版本是用一下内容：
wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo
yum -y install docker-ce-18.06.1.ce-3.el7
systemctl enable docker && systemctl start docker
docker --version

4. 安装kubeadm，kubelet和kubectl
   kubeadm： 引导集群的命令
   kubelet：集群中运行任务的代理程序
   kubectl：命令行管理工具
   4.1 添加阿里云YUM软件源
   cat << EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
   [kubernetes]
   name=Kubernetes
   baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
   enabled=1
   gpgcheck=1
   repo_gpgcheck=1
   gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
   EOF
   4.2 安装kubeadm，kubelet和kubectl
   yum install -y kubelet kubeadm kubectl --disableexcludes=kubernetes
   systemctl enable kubelet && systemctl start kubelet
   指定版本操作如下：
   yum install -y kubelet-1.13.3 kubeadm-1.13.3 kubectl-1.13.3
   systemctl enable kubelet.service
   注意：使用Docker时，kubeadm会自动检查kubelet的cgroup驱动程序，并/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env在运行时将其设置在文件中。如果使用的其他CRI，则必须在/etc/default/kubelet中cgroup-driver值修改为cgroupfs：
   cat /var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env
   KUBELET_KUBEADM_ARGS=--cgroup-driver=cgroupfs --cni-bin-dir=/opt/cni/bin --cni-conf-dir=/etc/cni/net.d --network-plugin=cni
   systemctl daemon-reload
   systemctl restart kubelet
5. 使用kubeadm创建单个Master集群
   5.1 默认下载镜像地址在国外无法访问，先从准备好所需镜像
   保存到脚本之间运行：
   K8S_VERSION=v1.13.3
   ETCD_VERSION=3.2.18
   DASHBOARD_VERSION=v1.8.3
   FLANNEL_VERSION=v0.10.0-amd64
   DNS_VERSION=1.1.3
   PAUSE_VERSION=3.1

   基本组件

   docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver-amd64:$K8S_VERSION
   docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager-amd64:$K8S_VERSION
   docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler-amd64:$K8S_VERSION
   docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy-amd64:$K8S_VERSION
   docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd-amd64:$ETCD_VERSION
   docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:$PAUSE_VERSION
   docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:$DNS_VERSION

   网络组件

   docker pull quay.io/coreos/flannel:$FLANNEL_VERSION

   修改tag

   docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver-amd64:$K8S_VERSION k8s.gcr.io/kube-apiserver-amd64:$K8S_VERSION
   docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager-amd64:$K8S_VERSION k8s.gcr.io/kube-controller-manager-amd64:$K8S_VERSION
   docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler-amd64:$K8S_VERSION k8s.gcr.io/kube-scheduler-amd64:$K8S_VERSION
   docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy-amd64:$K8S_VERSION k8s.gcr.io/kube-proxy-amd64:$K8S_VERSION
   docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd-amd64:$ETCD_VERSION k8s.gcr.io/etcd-amd64:$ETCD_VERSION
   docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:$PAUSE_VERSION k8s.gcr.io/pause:$PAUSE_VERSION
   docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:$DNS_VERSION k8s.gcr.io/coredns:$DNS_VERSION
   5.2 初始化Master
   kubeadm init \
   --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.0.246 \
   --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \
   --kubernetes-version v1.13.3 \
   --service-cidr=10.1.0.0/16 \
   --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16
   ...

Your Kubernetes master has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run (as a regular user):

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the addon options listed at:
http://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/addons/

You can now join any number of machines by running the following on each node
as root:

kubeadm join --token <token> <master-ip>:<master-port> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
5.3 安装Pod网络 - 插件
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml
或使用一下方法
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/v0.10.0/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
5.4 加入工作节点
在Node节点切换到root账号执行：
kubeadm join 192.168.0.11:6443 --token 6hk68y.0rdz1wdjyh85ntkr --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:d1d3f59ae37fbd632707cbeb9b095d0d0b19af535078091993c4bc4d9d2a7782
格式：kubeadm join --token <token> <master-ip>:<master-port> --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:<hash>
5.5.测试kubernetes集群
kubectl expose deployment nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort
kubectl get pod,svc
查看nginx分配到那个节点等信息
Kubectl get pod,svc –o wide
kubernetes dashboard
先将yaml文件下载下来，修改里面镜像地址和Service NodePort类型。
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v1.10.1/src/deploy/recommended/kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
通过一下地址确认dashboard版本列表
https://github.com/kubernetes/dashboard
修改镜像地址：(Dashboard Deployment 的位置)
将 image: k8s.gcr.io/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.1
修改为：
registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.1
或者直接使用：或者直接：docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kubernetes-dashboard-amd64:v1.10.1
修改Service：（注意因为yaml文件不支持使用tab键）
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
labels:
k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
name: kubernetes-dashboard
namespace: kube-system
spec:
type: NodePort
ports:
port: 443
targetPort: 8443
nodePort: 30001
selector:
k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
应用kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
kubectl apply -f kubernetes-dashboard.yaml
登陆方法1：创建一个管理员角色：
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: dashboard-admin
namespace: kube-system

kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
metadata:
name: dashboard-admin
subjects:
kind: ServiceAccount
name: dashboard-admin
namespace: kube-system
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: cluster-admin
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kubectl apply -f k8s-admin.yaml
使用上述创建账号的token登录Kubernetes Dashboard：
kubectl get secret -n kube-system
kubectl describe secret dashboard-admin-token-bwdjj -n kube-system
...
token: eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.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.0hQU5Di_P1OX1DcnW2AYzjDAED66EOrqhF5iupv39wvB8wE-aLRSQyp0twX2M8u1KMZ67n6LxbH17VwEQkMDRVXs7ZlUCyAAD6kHDz3k-f7PAzH5vcuyO4veQ9ooVjk3DKjrP4zXQChHllBB1wmD_oyLjoWxK3Z5MBTlVGzSixVwuQNpFPbuS6Z7iLGwUOgjI0cGZ9Tt6cXzcK81KfAEpDIP_CtFV_Jw4s98EgBex9mZh6vq1dcxr03qfuK--udd_8GWZctu_p_P15hZZLoKEm5GCbs6JGvKL2aao_DEHfLp3XYEnApojI91vU4qAqdkvMZ2qWQNGYv4KNi2yPOOJQ

登录方法2：创建sa并绑定默认的cluster-admin管理员集群角色
kubectl create serviceaccount dashboard-admin -n kube-system

kubectl create clusterrolebinding dashboard-admin --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=kube-system:dashboard-admin
使用上述创建账号的token登录Kubernetes Dashboard：
kubectl get secret -n kube-system
kubectl describe secret dashboard-admin-token-bwdjj -n kube-system

7解决Google浏览器不能打开kubernetes dashboard方法
mkdir key && cd key
#生成证书
openssl genrsa -out dashboard.key 2048
openssl req -new -out dashboard.csr -key dashboard.key -subj ‘/CN=192.168.246.200‘
openssl x509 -req -in dashboard.csr -signkey dashboard.key -out dashboard.crt
#删除原有的证书secret
kubectl delete secret kubernetes-dashboard-certs -n kube-system
#创建新的证书secret
kubectl create secret generic kubernetes-dashboard-certs --from-file=dashboard.key --from-file=dashboard.crt -n kube-system
#查看pod
kubectl get pod -n kube-system
#重启pod
kubectl delete pod <pod name> -n kube-system （pad name 为kubernetes-dashboard的名称）

kubeadm 快速安装 Kubernetes 集群

原文：https://blog.51cto.com/1345992/2422408