多线是多任务处理的一种特殊方式,多任务处理允许让电脑同事运行两个或两个以上的程序,一般情况下,两种类型的多任务处理:基于进程和基于线程。
基于进程的多任务处理是程序的并发执行。
基于线程的多任务处理是同一程序的片段的并发执行。
多线程程序包含可以同时运行的两个或多个部分。这样的程序中的每个部分称为一个线程,每个线程定义了一个单独的执行路径。
创建线程:
下面的程序,可以用来创建一个POSIX线程:
#include<pthread.h>
pthread_create(thread,attr,start_routine,arg);
在这里pthread_create创建一个新的线程,并让它可执行,下面是关于参数的说明:
参数 |
描述 |
thread |
指向线程标识符指针 |
attr |
一个不透明的属性对象,可以用来设置线程属性。可以指定线程属性对象,也可以使用默认值NULL |
start_routine |
线程运行函数的起始地址,一旦线程被创建就会被执行 |
arg |
运行函数的参数,他必须通过把引用作为指针强制转化成void类型传递。如果没有传递参数,则使用NULL |
创建线程成功,函数返回0,反之,创建失败。
终止线程:
#include<pthread.h>
pthread_exit(status)
在这里,pthread_exit用于显式地退出一个线程通常情况下,pthread_exit()函数在线程完成工作后无须继续存在时被调用。
如果mian()是在它所创建地线程结束之前结束,并通过pthread_exit()退出,那么其他线程将继续执行。否则,他们将在main()结束时自动被终止。
实例:
/*** pthread.cpp ***/ #include<iostream> #include<pthread.h> using namespace std; #define NUM_THREADS 5 void* say_hello(void* args) { cout << "Hello Runoob" << endl; return 0; } int main() { pthread_t tids[NUM_THREADS]; for(int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i) { int ret = pthread_create(&tids[i],NULL,say_hello,NULL); if(0 != ret) { cout << "pthread_create error : error_code = " << ret << endl; } } pthread_exit(NULL); }
运行结果:
exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ g++ pthread.cpp -o pthread -lpthread
exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ ./pthread
Hello Runoob
Hello Runoob
Hello Runoob
Hello Runoob
Hello Runoob
以下简单实例使用pthread_create()函数创建五个函数,并接受传入地参数。每个进程打印一个“Hello Runoob” 的 消息。并输出接受的消息,然后调用pthread_exit()终止线程。
/*** create.cpp ***/ #include<iostream> #include<pthread.h> #include<cstdlib> using namespace std; #define NUM_THREADS 5 void* say_hello(void* threadid) { int tid = *((int*)threadid); cout << "Hello Runoob! thread ID " << tid << endl; pthread_exit(NULL); } int main() { pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS]; int indexes[NUM_THREADS]; int rc; for(int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; ++i) { cout << "main thread : " << i << endl; indexes[i] = i ; rc = pthread_create(&threads[i],NULL,say_hello,(void*)&(indexes[i])); if(rc) { cout << "pthread_create error : error_code = " << rc << endl; exit(-1); } } pthread_exit(NULL); }
运行结果:
exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ g++ create.cpp -o create -lpthread
exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ ./create
main thread : 0
main thread : 1
main thread : 2
main thread : 3
main thread : 4
Hello Runoob! thread ID 4
Hello Runoob! thread ID 3
Hello Runoob! thread ID 2
Hello Runoob! thread ID 1
Hello Runoob! thread ID 0
向线程传递参数
该实例演示了如果通过结构体传递多个参数,可以在线程回调中传递任意的数据类型,因为它指向void。
/*** param.cpp ***/ #include<iostream> #include<cstdlib> #include<pthread.h> using namespace std; #define NUM_THREADS 5 struct thread_data { int thread_id; char* message; }; void *PrintHello(void* threadarg) { struct thread_data *my_data; my_data = (struct thread_data *)threadarg; cout << "Thread ID :" << my_data->thread_id; cout << " Message : " << my_data->message << endl; pthread_exit(NULL); } int main() { pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS]; struct thread_data td[NUM_THREADS]; int rc; int i; for(i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++) { cout << "main() : create thread ," << i << endl; td[i].thread_id = i; td[i].message = (char*) "This is message"; rc = pthread_create(&threads[i],NULL,PrintHello,(void*)&td[i]); if(rc) { cout << "Error : unable to create thread," << rc << endl; exit(-1); } } pthread_exit(NULL); }
运行结果:
exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ g++ param.cpp -o param -lpthread
exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ ./param
main() : create thread ,0
main() : create thread ,1
main() : create thread ,2
main() : create thread ,3
main() : create thread ,4
Thread ID :4 Message : This is message
Thread ID :3 Message : This is message
Thread ID :2 Message : This is message
Thread ID :1 Message : This is message
Thread ID :0 Message : This is message
连接和分离线程:
我们可以使用下面两个函数来链接和分离线程:
pthread_join (thread,status);
pthread_detach(threaded);
pthread_join()子程序阻碍调用程序,直到指定的threadid线程终止为止,当创建一个线程时,他的某个属性会定义它是否是可连接的(jionable)或可分离的(detached)。只有创建时定义为可连接的线程才可以被连接。如果线程创建时被定义为不可分离的,那它永远也不能被连接。
/*** detached.cpp ***/ #include<iostream> #include<cstdlib> #include<pthread.h> #include<unistd.h> using namespace std; #define NUM_THREADS 5 void* wait(void *t) { int i; long tid; tid = (long)t; sleep(1); cout << "Sleeping in thread" << endl; cout << "Thread with id : " << tid << " .... exiting" << endl; pthread_exit(NULL); } int main() { int rc; pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS]; pthread_attr_t attr; void* status; pthread_attr_init(&attr); pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr,PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE); for(int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++) { cout << "main() : createing thread, " << i << endl; rc = pthread_create(&threads[i],NULL,wait,(void*)&i); if(rc) { cout << "Error : unbale to create thread," << rc << endl; exit(-1); } } pthread_attr_destroy(&attr); for(int i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++) { rc = pthread_join(threads[i],&status); if(rc) { cout << "Error:unable to join," << rc << endl; exit(-1); } cout << "Main:completed thread id : " << i; cout << " exiting with status : " <<status << endl; } cout << "Main : program exiting." << endl; pthread_exit(NULL); }
运行结果:
exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ g++ detached.cpp -o detached -lpthread
exbot@ubuntu:~/wangqinghe/C++/20190816$ ./detached
main() : createing thread, 0
main() : createing thread, 1
main() : createing thread, 2
main() : createing thread, 3
main() : createing thread, 4
Sleeping in thread
Thread with id : 140735242066504 .... exiting
Sleeping in thread
Thread with id : 140735242066504 .... exiting
Sleeping in thread
Thread with id : 140735242066504 .... exiting
Sleeping in thread
Thread with id : 140735242066504 .... exiting
Sleeping in thread
Thread with id : 140735242066504 .... exiting
Main:completed thread id : 0 exiting with status : 0
Main:completed thread id : 1 exiting with status : 0
Main:completed thread id : 2 exiting with status : 0
Main:completed thread id : 3 exiting with status : 0
Main:completed thread id : 4 exiting with status : 0
Main : program exiting.
要注意内存泄露问题。
如果设置为 PTHREAD_CREATE_JOINABLE,就继续用 pthread_join() 来等待和释放资源,否则会内存泄露。
原文:https://www.cnblogs.com/wanghao-boke/p/11365256.html