c++11多线程---std::ref和std::cref

#include <functional>
#include <iostream>

void f(int& n1, int& n2, const int& n3)
{
    std::cout << "In function: n1[" << n1 << "]    n2[" << n2 << "]    n3[" << n3 << "]" << std::endl;
    ++n1; // 增加存储于函数对象的 n1 副本
    ++n2; // 增加 main() 的 n2
    //++n3; // 编译错误
    std::cout << "In function end: n1[" << n1 << "]     n2[" << n2 << "]     n3[" << n3 << "]" << std::endl;
}

int main()
{
    int n1 = 1, n2 = 1, n3 = 1;
    std::cout << "Before function: n1[" << n1 << "]     n2[" << n2 << "]     n3[" << n3 << "]" << std::endl;
    std::function<void()> bound_f = std::bind(f, n1, std::ref(n2), std::cref(n3));
    bound_f();
    std::cout << "After function: n1[" << n1 << "]     n2[" << n2 << "]     n3[" << n3 << "]" << std::endl;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>

void inc(std::mutex &mutex, int loop, int &counter) {
    for (int i = 0; i < loop; i++) {
        mutex.lock();
        ++counter;
        mutex.unlock();
    }
}
int main() {
    std::thread threads[5];
    std::mutex mutex;
    int counter = 0;

    for (std::thread &thr: threads) {
        thr = std::thread(inc, std::ref(mutex), 1000, std::ref(counter));
    }
    for (std::thread &thr: threads) {
        thr.join();
    }

    // 输出：5000，如果inc中调用的是try_lock，则此处可能会<5000
    std::cout << counter << std::endl;

    return 0;
}