DRF多表设计与ModelSerializer组件

时间：2019-10-17 00:05:58 阅读：63 评论：0 收藏：0 [点我收藏+]

一：多表设计

（1）模型表字段

"""
Book表：name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time

Publish表：name、address、is_delete、create_time
    
Author表：name、age、is_delete、create_time

AuthorDetail表：mobile, author、is_delete、create_time
    
BaseModel基表
    is_delete、create_time
上面四表继承基表，可以继承两个字段
"""

PS:

　　（1）表格都有是否删除字段创建时间字段

　　（2）抽象继承一个模型表（基表）

（2）基表的创建

class BaseModel(models.Model):
    is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

    # 设置 abstract = True 来声明基表，作为基表的Model不能在数据库中形成对应的表 重点
    class Meta:
        abstract = True

（3）断关联多表关系

（1）作用：

　　（1）物理上断开关系提升查找效率

　　（2）防止环装表关系导致表关系成为死表（即不能再操作表如果想要在重新操作表格需要删库跑路）

（2）字段设计

1:外键字段
    （1）一对多：外键存放在多的一方
    （2）一对一：从逻辑正反向考虑 如作者与作者详情 作者删除 作者详情级联更新  作者详情删除 作者还在 因此将外键存放在详情表中
    （3）多对多：在关系表中

2:ORM查询
    （1）正向查询：通过外键字段
    （2）反向查询：听过ralated_name

（3）连表操作关系
    （1）作者删除--->作者详情删除---->cascade
    （2）作者删除--->作者详情为空---->set_null
    （3）作者删除--->作者详情默认---->set-defalut
    （4）作者删除--->作者详情无损---->do_nothing

字段设计

    # 作者详情表中的
    author = models.OneToOneField(
        to=‘Author‘,
        related_name=‘detail‘,
        db_constraint=False,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE
    )
    
    # 图书表中的
    publish = models.ForeignKey(
        to=‘Publish‘,
        related_name=‘books‘,
        db_constraint=False,
        on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING,
    )
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(
        to=‘Author‘
        related_name=‘books‘,
        db_constraint=False,
    )

PS:

　　（1）多对多表关系不能设置on_delete

　　（2）一对一，一对多必须设置on_delete

　　（3）1.X的Django默认设置on_delete 2.X需要手工设置

（4）模型表创建

# 1) 基表
class BaseModel(models.Model):
    is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False)
    create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)

    # 作为基表的Model不能在数据库中形成对应的表，设置 abstract = True
    class Meta:
        abstract = True


class Book(BaseModel):
    """name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time"""
    name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)
    img = models.ImageField(upload_to=‘img‘, default=‘img/default.jpg‘)
    publish = models.ForeignKey(
        to=‘Publish‘,
        db_constraint=False,  # 断关联
        related_name=‘books‘,  # 反向查询字段：publish_obj.books 就能访问所有出版的书
        on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING,  # 设置连表操作关系
    )
    authors = models.ManyToManyField(
        to=‘Author‘,
        db_constraint=False,
        related_name=‘books‘
    )

    # 序列化插拔式属性 - 完成自定义字段名完成连表查询
    @property
    def publish_name(self):
        return self.publish.name

    @property
    def author_list(self):
        return self.authors.values(‘name‘, ‘age‘, ‘detail__mobile‘).all()

    class Meta:
        db_table = ‘book‘
        verbose_name = ‘书籍‘
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Publish(BaseModel):
    """name、address、is_delete、create_time"""
    name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    address = models.CharField(max_length=64)

    class Meta:
        db_table = ‘publish‘
        verbose_name = ‘出版社‘
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Author(BaseModel):
    """name、age、is_delete、create_time"""
    name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    age = models.IntegerField()

    class Meta:
        db_table = ‘author‘
        verbose_name = ‘作者‘
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class AuthorDetail(BaseModel):
    """mobile, author、is_delete、create_time"""
    mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11)
    author = models.OneToOneField(
        to=‘Author‘,
        db_constraint=False,
        related_name=‘detail‘,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
    )

    class Meta:
        db_table = ‘author_detail‘
        verbose_name = ‘作者详情‘
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
    def __str__(self):
        return ‘%s的详情‘ % self.author.name

模型表

二：ModelSerializer

（1）settings文件配置

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    # 注册rest_framework
    ‘rest_framework‘,
]

DATABASES = {
    ‘default‘: {
        ‘ENGINE‘: ‘django.db.backends.mysql‘,
        ‘NAME‘: ‘database‘,
        ‘USER‘: ‘root‘,
        ‘PASSWORD‘: ‘123‘,
    }
}
"""
任何__init__文件
import pymysql
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
"""

LANGUAGE_CODE = ‘zh-hans‘
TIME_ZONE = ‘Asia/Shanghai‘
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = False

MEDIA_URL = ‘/media/‘
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ‘media‘)

settings文件配置

（2）主路由层配置

from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.views.static import serve
from django.conf import settings
urlpatterns = [
    url(r‘^admin/‘, admin.site.urls),
    url(r‘^api/‘, include(‘api.urls‘)),
    url(r‘^media/(?P<path>.*)‘, serve, {‘document_root‘: settings.MEDIA_ROOT}),
]

主路由

（3）子路由层

from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    url(‘^books/$‘, views.Book.as_view()),
    url(‘^books/(?P<primary_key>.*)/$‘, views.Book.as_view()),
    url(r‘^v2/books/$‘, views.V2Book.as_view()),
    url(r‘^v2/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$‘, views.V2Book.as_view()),
]

（3）序列化层:

from rest_framework.serializers import ModelSerializer, SerializerMethodField
from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError
from . import models

# 可以单独作为Publish接口的序列化类，也可以作为Book序列化外键publish辅助的序列化组件
class PublishModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Publish
        fields = (‘name‘, ‘address‘)

class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
    # 了解: 该方式设置的序列化字段，必须在fields中声明
    # publish_address = SerializerMethodField()
    # def get_publish_address(self, obj):
    #     return obj.publish.address

    # 自定义连表深度 - 子序列化方式 - 该方式不能参与反序列化，使用在序列化反序列化共存时，不能书写
    publish = PublishModelSerializer()

    class Meta:
        # 序列化类关联的model类
        model = models.Book
        # 参与序列化的字段
        fields = (‘name‘, ‘price‘, ‘img‘, ‘author_list‘, ‘publish‘)

        # 了解知识点
        # 所有字段
        # fields = ‘__all__‘
        # 与fields不共存，exclude排除哪些字段
        # exclude = (‘id‘, ‘is_delete‘, ‘create_time‘)
        # 自动连表深度
        # depth = 1

基础版序列化

（4）反序列化层：

class BookModelDeserializer(ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Book
        fields = (‘name‘, ‘price‘, ‘publish‘, ‘authors‘)
        # extra_kwargs 用来完成反序列化字段的 系统校验规则
        extra_kwargs = {
            ‘name‘: {
                ‘required‘: True,
                ‘min_length‘: 1,
                ‘error_messages‘: {
                    ‘required‘: ‘必填项‘,
                    ‘min_length‘: ‘太短‘,
                }
            }
        }
    
    # 局部钩子
    def validate_name(self, value):
        # 书名不能包含 g 字符
        if ‘g‘ in value.lower():
            raise ValidationError(‘该g书不能出版‘)
        return value
    # 全局钩子
    def validate(self, attrs):
        publish = attrs.get(‘publish‘)
        name = attrs.get(‘name‘)
        if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name, publish=publish):
            raise ValidationError({‘book‘: ‘该书已存在‘})
        return attrs

    # ModelSerializer类已经帮我们实现了 create 与 update 方法

基础版反序列化

（5）综合版

"""
1) fields中设置所有序列化与反序列化字段
2) extra_kwargs划分只序列化或只反序列化字段
    write_only：只反序列化
    read_only：只序列化
    自定义字段默认只序列化(read_only)
3) 设置反序列化所需的 系统、局部钩子、全局钩子 等校验规则
"""
class V2BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = models.Book
        fields = (‘name‘, ‘price‘, ‘img‘, ‘author_list‘, ‘publish_name‘, ‘publish‘, ‘authors‘)
        extra_kwargs = {
            ‘name‘: {
                ‘required‘: True,
                ‘min_length‘: 1,
                ‘error_messages‘: {
                    ‘required‘: ‘必填项‘,
                    ‘min_length‘: ‘太短‘,
                }
            },
            ‘publish‘: {
                ‘write_only‘: True
            },
            ‘authors‘: {
                ‘write_only‘: True
            },
            ‘img‘: {
                ‘read_only‘: True,
            },
            ‘author_list‘: {
                ‘read_only‘: True,
            },
            ‘publish_name‘: {
                ‘read_only‘: True,
            }
        }

    def validate_name(self, value):
        # 书名不能包含 g 字符
        if ‘g‘ in value.lower():
            raise ValidationError(‘该g书不能出版‘)
        return value

    def validate(self, attrs):
        publish = attrs.get(‘publish‘)
        name = attrs.get(‘name‘)
        if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name, publish=publish):
            raise ValidationError({‘book‘: ‘该书已存在‘})
        return attrs

综合版本

（6）视图层

# from rest_framework.views import APIView
from rest_framework.response import Response

from . import models, serializers

class Publish(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get(‘pk‘)
        if pk:
            try:
                publish_obj = models.Publish.objects.get(pk=pk, is_delete=False)
                publish_data = serializers.PublishModelSerializer(publish_obj).data
            except:
                return Response({
                    ‘status‘: 1,
                    ‘msg‘: ‘出版社不存在‘
                })
        else:
            publish_query = models.Publish.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
            publish_data = serializers.PublishModelSerializer(publish_query, many=True).data
        return Response({
            ‘status‘: 0,
            ‘msg‘: ‘ok‘,
            ‘results‘: publish_data
        })



class Book(APIView):
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get(‘pk‘)
        if pk:
            try:
                book_obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk, is_delete=False)
                book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data
            except:
                return Response({
                    ‘status‘: 1,
                    ‘msg‘: ‘书籍不存在‘
                })
        else:
            book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
            book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_query, many=True).data
        return Response({
            ‘status‘: 0,
            ‘msg‘: ‘ok‘,
            ‘results‘: book_data
        })

    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        request_data = request.data
        book_ser = serializers.BookModelDeserializer(data=request_data)
        # 当校验失败，马上终止当前视图方法，抛异常返回给前台
        book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        book_obj = book_ser.save()
        return Response({
            ‘status‘: 0,
            ‘msg‘: ‘ok‘,
            ‘results‘: serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data
        })



class V2Book(APIView):
    # 单查：有pk
    # 群查：无pk
    def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get(‘pk‘)
        if pk:
            try:
                book_obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk, is_delete=False)
                book_data = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data
            except:
                return Response({
                    ‘status‘: 1,
                    ‘msg‘: ‘书籍不存在‘
                })
        else:
            book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
            book_data = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_query, many=True).data
        return Response({
            ‘status‘: 0,
            ‘msg‘: ‘ok‘,
            ‘results‘: book_data
        })

    # 单增：传的数据是与model对应的字典
    # 群增：传的数据是 装多个 model对应字典 的列表
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        request_data = request.data
        if isinstance(request_data, dict):
            many = False
        elif isinstance(request_data, list):
            many = True
        else:
            return Response({
                ‘status‘: 1,
                ‘msg‘: ‘数据有误‘,
            })
        book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(data=request_data, many=many)
        # 当校验失败，马上终止当前视图方法，抛异常返回给前台
        book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        book_result = book_ser.save()
        return Response({
            ‘status‘: 0,
            ‘msg‘: ‘ok‘,
            ‘results‘: serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_result, many=many).data
        })

    # 单删：有pk
    # 群删：有pks   |  {"pks": [1, 2, 3]}
    def delete(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        pk = kwargs.get(‘pk‘)
        if pk:
            pks = [pk]
        else:
            pks = request.data.get(‘pks‘)
        if models.Book.objects.filter(pk__in=pks, is_delete=False).update(is_delete=True):
            return Response({
                ‘status‘: 0,
                ‘msg‘: ‘删除成功‘,
            })
        return Response({
            ‘status‘: 1,
            ‘msg‘: ‘删除失败‘,
        })

视图层

DRF多表设计与ModelSerializer组件

原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/SR-Program/p/11688068.html

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