Word is cheap, show me the grammar.
1个中心，2种顺序，4种标志 6个整体
底层逻辑 方法
1个中心 句子 = 主干 + 修饰
2种顺序 主干正着翻译，修饰名词倒翻，修饰动词正翻(表时间地点方式)
4种标志 6个整体
- 限定词 名词词组整体
- 动词 - 谓语动词 主干
- - 非谓语动词 修饰
- 介词 + 名词 修饰
- + 句子 从句
- 降级词 + 句子 从句
Example
- I will get out of the box with an open top a photo of Chinese food.
- I gave him the money and he opened a door at the back of the shop.
- One day in 1884, I saw a picture in the window of a shop near the hospital.
- I will hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. --马丁路德金
拆解技巧： 标志 –> 整体 –> 主干和修饰 –> 顺序
修饰 ：介词+名词
修饰名词时是倒修饰的
- the boot about China
- a trip to China
- a student of class 4
- a man from America
修饰动词时表示时间，地点，方式
- I will leave in the morning.
- I go to school with my friends.
- I swim in the pool.
- I jump over the wall.
修饰名词还是动词？
- I ate an apple in the kitchen. 修饰eat，在厨房里吃了苹果
- I ate the apple in the kitchen. the为特指需要修饰，所以in the kitchen修饰the apple.
- Tom saw a picture in the window of the shop. 不是特指，in the window修饰saw，of一般修饰前面的名词
- Tom saw a picture of the shop in the window. 意思上修饰shop不合理，所以修饰saw 根据意思判断
Exercise
- He was a dirty man in an old coat with a cigarette in his mouth.
- He points at the paper on the wall beside the lift.
- The picture was put up in a park near a playground in Yokohama.
- On the last day of our visit, I found myself alone on a busy corner across the street from our hotel.
- A creature sat on a chair behind a table.
- It took the old cloth off its head, and put it on the chair.
- He waited outside the house for a minute.
句子
主干(有谓语动词)正翻 修饰部分倒翻，主干正翻
The book is about China. The book about China is interesting.
A trip is to China. A trip to China is interesting.
The man is from America. The man from America is a student.
The girl is in red. The girl in red is a student.
疑问句
- 一般疑问句=助动词+主谓结构 Do you know?
- 特殊疑问句=特殊疑问词+助动词+主谓结构 What day is it today? What day is today? What date is it?
感叹句
- what + n. + (主谓)! what good weather！
- how + adj./adv. + (主谓)! How good the weather is!
名词的出现形式
- 限定词+ (adj.) + 名词 I like a/the dog. I like dogs. 名词前面必须要有限定词
- 形容词 + 不可数名词 I want some water.
限定词如下
- my dog，your dog，their dogs Tom’s dog
- the dog，this dog，that dog，these dogs，those dogs
- a dog， one dog，two dogs
- a hundred dogs，a thousand dogs， hundreds of dogs
- a group of dogs，two groups of dogs，a box of apples，a lot of dogs
- another dog，other dogs，the other dog
- dogs many dogs， some dogs，lots of dogs， more dogs
- every dog，each dog，both of the dogs， neither of the dogs all of the dogs
“你的我的这个那个，一个两个上千百个”
“一群两群还有许多，以上每个都能选择”
错误： I like dog. (没有限定词) I like handsome dog.(形容词不是限定词)
Exercise
- Mr. Utterson spent many hours in the narrow street.
- The left arm had wonderful skin and the fingers of the left hand were long and beautiful.
- My grandmother was a difficult old woman, and I didn’t like her
- I have never met a more beautiful woman than Wallis.
- They left some more black flags near the Pole
- In some science fiction movies, evil robots refuse to die
- I got a part-time job at the school radio station.
介词 (表明关系)
介绍名词
- a book of China, a book from China, a book about China
表明与动词的关系
- I jumped over the wall(翻越), I jumped from the wall, I jumped on the wall(在…上)
- I jumped onto the wall(到…上面), I jumped off the wall(脱离开), I jumped behind the wall
表明与形容词的关系
- I am good at swimming. He is famous as a writer.
- It is good for your health. He is famous to student.
10大词性：介 冠 形 名 代 情 动 副 数 连
成分: 主谓宾定状补表
5大句型
- You are a good girl.
主系表(同2) - You are beautiful. 主谓补 谁是什么
- I will leave. 主谓
- I love you. 主谓宾
- I give you my heart. 主谓宾宾
- I make you happy. 主谓宾补 谁干什么
主语 (动作发起者，或描述的主题)
谓语 (带有时间信息的动作)
- I saw him swimming.
- I will leave.
宾语 (需要邀请)
- 动宾 I love you.
- 介宾 I will leave in the morning. 注意理解！
I ate the apple(动宾) in the kitchen(介宾) at 6：00(介宾).
定语 (修饰主语或宾语的）
状语 (修饰动词 时间地点方式)
- I go to school.
- I look at you.
- I listen to you.
- I will leave in the morning.
补语 (补充说明主语或宾语的内容)
表语 (指表明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的词或从句) 系表结构 构成复合谓语
谓语动词 (包含时+态信息的动词或组合, 是句子主干的标志)
Tom do/did/will do his homework. do/did 时间状态
Tom is/was/will be doing his homework. is/was/will 时间 doing/done/to do只表示状态
没有谓语动词(时+态)的不是句子
- Tom doing his homework Tom is doing his homework.
- The homework done by Tom The homework is done by Tom.
- The man to help with the work The man is to help with the work
- The boy listening to the music is doing his homework. TODO ??? 修饰的另一种形式 非谓语动词
动词的态 doing/done/to do只表示状态
- eat 一般态 do
- eating 主动进行态 doing
- eaten 被动完成态 done
- to eat 不定态 to do
时+态
一般现在: did –> do –> will do 强调事实，普通、习惯、真理，一瞬间
进行时态: was/were doing -> am/is/are doing -> will be doing 正在进行的动作
完成时态: had done -> have done –> will have done
Exercise
- You are always drinking with your friends!
- Perhaps Christine’s wonderful voice is still singing.
- He was just sitting there not doing anything.
- Gamification is actually quite closely linked with behavior change techniques
doing (1. 表示一件事 2.起修饰作用)
- Making dumplings is my favorite.
- The flying kite is free. The geese flying in a V shape can fly farther than the bird flying alone.
Exercise
- People living in different countries made different words.
- Italians living outside their country miss their family a lot.
- Traders travelling along the Silk Road carried silk.
done (1. 倒修饰 2.相当于形容词)
- A program titled Most Extreme Airports, rated the airport as the most dangerous airport in the world.
- Sending short written messages is a popular way to use your mobile phone.
Exercise
- Important services in the United States are provided through thousands of organizations created to meet needs.
- Once a little boy named Tom always felt lonely and unhappy.
- You may even be able to find a club related to a future job.
- The people trained in reasoning did better on tests than the other group
- Ask him or her to prepare a small notebook to write down the homework given by his or her teachers .
从句 (1. 简单句(一个谓语动词) 2.复合句(多个谓语动词，但分主次))
- Important services in the United States are provided through thousands of organizations created to meet needs.
- The girl who is driving is my sister.
从句的降级标志who , what, where, when, how, why, which, whose, whether ,that
复合句 (含多个谓语动词的句子)
- when he came back, I was doing my homework.
- I don‘t know where your book is. 注意：从句也要完整, is不能掉，构成主系(即主谓)结构
- what your name is is important. 注意：主从句顺序看从句成分，主从句时态暂根据句意判断 TODO???
降级标志+主谓结构 (从句) 主谓结构(主句) ！！！
翻译技巧：找谓语定主从 –> 降级标志理从句逻辑 –> 定翻译顺序
名词性从句 (做名词的从句, 主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句)
- What surprised me most was that he had started to eat my chocolate! 表语从句 TODO???
- The reason for their success was that they knew how to study. 表语从句
- This means that we have only a few days left for work every year! 同位语从句
- The teachers report that they have trouble getting you to talk in class. 同位语从句
- Her teacher said that we were celebrating her 39th birthday! 宾语从句
- You can realize your dreams and become who you want to be. 宾语从句
定语从句 (做定语的从句) 人who 物which 人或物that
- The girl who is teaching Liming English is my sister.
- The dog which I bought went away.
- The place in which(where) I work is beautiful. 好 in which – where
- I remember the day on which(when) I left. 好 on which – when
- TODO 好 of which – whose
- Each person who reads to a child will have a different experience.
- Debbie told me about a boy in her class who liked being away from school.
- This is an area where scientists are working on making machines that think like humans.
- Honey is not the only thing for which we have to thank the busy little bee.
- What was more unusual was the way in which he made his dream come true. TODO???
- I like the Wildlife Park better than a zoo where most of the animals are in cages.
总结
Although he was tired,he went on working.
Because I run out of my money, so I can’t buy the book. Error:一个句子不可能俩个降级，这样没有主句了
she heard a great noise before he went out.
没有降级标志的句子 (结构几乎不变：主谓结构(主句)，主谓结构(从句))
- He said (that) he did his homework.
- The book (which) he likes is mine.
to do 源于情态动词， “能做，去做，为了做，暗含可能性”
- can do be able to do to do
- will do be going to do to do
- must do have to do to do
- should do ought to do to do
- in order to do to do
I like swimming, but I don‘t like to swim. 喜欢游泳，但暂时不想去游泳
like to do 短时喜欢做…
like doing 长时间喜欢做…
dislike doing 不喜欢… 注意: 不喜欢做的事，不谈可能性，所以没有dislike to do
“奇葩的将来时” will do、be going to do 徐天佑，《语法俱乐部》
- It will rain. 推断会发生并不确定会发生， 情态动词，表语气
- It is going to rain. 进行时(主观有准备的)
- I am leaving tonight.
- The class starts in 5 mins. 一般现在时表将来(客观计划好的)
- He is to visit Australia next month. to do 表示将来
虚拟语气
if条件虚拟：假设不太可能发生的事发生了, 就会怎样怎样
If I were a girl, I would help her. 对过去发生的事进行假设，本身就是矛盾的，所以这是虚拟语气
虚拟时间 | if 从句 | 主句 |
将来 | were to do/should do | would(could might) do |
现在 | did | would(could might) do |
过去 | had done | would(could might) have done |
- If I were to have time, I would help you.
- If I had time, I would help you
- If I had had time, I would have helped you
历史（过去）不可假设，但凡假设了，就是虚拟
should：希望成真，但尚未实现的感觉
If I should win the game, I would buy a house.
Grammar Framework 2
原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/jack-zhou/p/12386767.html
