注:该课程大纲详见 https://www.cnblogs.com/inchbyinch/p/12398921.html
两种类关系:
复合关系的案例:
备注:也有资料说类之间的关系有三种,即is A, has A, uses A。
派生类继承了基类的全部成员变量和成员方法(除了构造和析构之外的成员方法),但是这些成员的访问属性,在派生过程中是可以调整的。
(摘自C++ Primer)类的用户有三种:普通用户(通过对象访问)、类的实现者(通过类成员函数访问)、派生类。
类成员访问级别(public、private、protected)
class Father {
private: int nPrivate; // 私有成员
public: int nPublic; // 公有成员
protected: int nProtected; // 保护成员
};
class Son :public Father{
void AccessFather () {
nPublic = 1; // ok;
nPrivate = 1; // wrong
nProtected = 1; // OK ,访问从基类继承的protected 成员
Son f;
f.nProtected = 1; //wrong,f不是当前对象
}
};
int main(){
Father f;
Son s;
f.nPublic = 1; // Ok
s.nPublic = 1; // Ok
f.nProtected = 1; // error
f.nPrivate = 1; // error
s.nProtected = 1; //error
s.nPrivate = 1; // error
return 0;
}
父类访问控制符(第一行)/派生方式(第一列) | public | protected | private |
---|---|---|---|
public继承 | public | protected | 不可见 |
protected继承 | protected | protected | 不可见 |
private继承 | private | private | 不可见 |
继承中的构造析构调用原则:
继承与成员对象混搭情况下,构造和析构调用原则:
类型兼容规则是指在需要基类对象的任何地方,都可以使用公有派生类的对象来替代。通过公有继承,派生类得到了基类中除构造函数、析构函数之外的所有成员。这样,公有派生类实际就具备了基类的所有功能,凡是基类能解决的问题,公有派生类都可以解决。类型兼容规则中所指的替代包括以下情况:
在替代之后,派生类对象就可以作为基类的对象使用,但是只能使用从基类继承的成员。
类型兼容规则是多态性的重要基础之一。
//示例1:常用的类型兼容
class base { };
class derived : public base { };
base b;
derived d;
//派生类的对象可以赋值给基类对象: b = d;
//派生类对象可以初始化基类引用: base & br = d;
//派生类对象的地址可以赋值给基类指针: base * pb = & d;
//示例2:可以通过强制指针类型转换,把ptrBase转换成Derived类的指针
Base * ptrBase = &objDerived;
Derived * ptrDerived = (Derived * ) ptrBase;
注意:
//001:全面的MyString http://cxsjsxmooc.openjudge.cn/2019t3fall5/001/
//要求:编写MyString类
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
/*******************your code start here*****************/
class MyString{
char* p;
public:
MyString():p(new char[1]){ p[0]=0; } //构造函数
MyString(const char* p1); //构造函数
MyString(const MyString& s); //复制构造函数
~MyString(){ if(p) delete []p; } //析构函数
//定义功能函数
const char* c_str(){ return p; }
//重载运算符 =, +, +=, <, >, ==, <<, []
MyString& operator=(const char* p1);
MyString& operator=(const MyString& s);
friend MyString operator+(const char* p1, const MyString& s);
friend MyString operator+(const MyString& s1, const MyString& s2);
MyString& operator+=(const char* p1);
MyString operator()(int start, int len); //取子串
bool operator<(const MyString& s);
bool operator>(const MyString& s);
bool operator==(const MyString& s);
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& o, const MyString& s);
char& operator[](int i);
};
MyString::MyString(const char* p1){
p = new char[strlen(p1)+1];
strcpy(p, p1);
}
MyString::MyString(const MyString& s){
p = new char[strlen(s.p)+1];
strcpy(p, s.p);
}
//重载运算符 =, +, <, >, ==, <<, []
MyString& MyString::operator=(const char* p1){ //MF:类外实现时忘加 类::
if(p) delete []p;
p = new char[strlen(p1)+1];
strcpy(p, p1);
return *this;
}
MyString& MyString::operator=(const MyString& s){
if(this==&s) return *this;
if(p) delete []p;
p = new char[strlen(s.p)+1];
strcpy(p, s.p);
return *this;
}
MyString operator+(const char* p1, const MyString& s){
MyString new_s;
new_s.p = new char[strlen(p1)+strlen(s.p)+1];
strcpy(new_s.p, p1);
strcpy(new_s.p+strlen(p1), s.p);
return new_s;
}
MyString operator+(const MyString& s1, const MyString& s2){
MyString new_s;
new_s.p = new char[strlen(s1.p)+strlen(s2.p)+1];
strcpy(new_s.p, s1.p);
strcpy(new_s.p+strlen(s1.p), s2.p);
return new_s;
}
MyString& MyString::operator+=(const char* p1){
char* temp = new char[strlen(p)+strlen(p1)+1];
strcpy(temp, p);
strcpy(temp+strlen(p), p1);
if(p) delete []p;
p = temp;
return *this;
}
MyString MyString::operator()(int start, int len){
//暂不做有效性检查
char* temp = new char[len+1];
for(int i=0; i<len; i++)
temp[i] = p[start++];
temp[len] = 0;
MyString new_s(temp);
delete []temp;
return new_s;
}
bool MyString::operator<(const MyString& s){
if(strcmp(p, s.p) < 0)
return true;
else
return false;
}
bool MyString::operator>(const MyString& s){
if(strcmp(p, s.p) > 0)
return true;
else
return false;
}
bool MyString::operator==(const MyString& s){
if(strcmp(p, s.p) == 0)
return true;
else
return false;
}
ostream& operator<<(ostream& o, const MyString& s){ //MF:ostream设成const,出错
o << s.p;
return o;
}
char& MyString::operator[](int i){
if(i<0 || i>=strlen(p)){
cout << "out of range." << endl;
exit(-1);
}
return p[i];
}
/********************code end here***********************/
int CompareString( const void * e1, const void * e2)
{
MyString *s1 = (MyString * ) e1;
MyString *s2 = (MyString * ) e2;
if( *s1 < *s2 )
return -1;
else if( *s1 == *s2)
return 0;
else if( *s1 > *s2 )
return 1;
}
int main(){
MyString s1("abcd-"),s2,s3("efgh-"),s4(s1);
MyString SArray[4] = {"big","me","about","take"};
cout << "1. " << s1 << s2 << s3<< s4<< endl;
s4 = s3;
s3 = s1 + s3;
cout << "2. " << s1 << endl;
cout << "3. " << s2 << endl;
cout << "4. " << s3 << endl;
cout << "5. " << s4 << endl;
cout << "6. " << s1[2] << endl;
s2 = s1;
s1 = "ijkl-";
s1[2] = 'A' ;
cout << "7. " << s2 << endl;
cout << "8. " << s1 << endl;
s1 += "mnop";
cout << "9. " << s1 << endl;
s4 = "qrst-" + s2;
cout << "10. " << s4 << endl;
s1 = s2 + s4 + " uvw " + "xyz";
cout << "11. " << s1 << endl;
qsort(SArray,4,sizeof(MyString),CompareString);
for( int i = 0;i < 4;i ++ )
cout << SArray[i] << endl;
//s1的从下标0开始长度为4的子串
cout << s1(0,4) << endl;
//s1的从下标5开始长度为10的子串
cout << s1(5,10) << endl;
return 0;
}
原文:https://www.cnblogs.com/inchbyinch/p/12398355.html