Mysql_组合索引和单列索引

时间：2020-05-25 21:57:52 阅读：79 评论：0 收藏：0 [点我收藏+]

一、目标

什么时候使用组合索引，什么时候使用单独索引
组合索引、单独索引区别
组合索引：最左前缀匹配原则

二、前期数据准备

1. 建表

CREATE TABLE `user` (
  `uid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `pwd` varchar(50) DEFAULT NULL,
  `create_time` datetime DEFAULT NULL,
  `modify_time` timestamp NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  `rids` varchar(15) DEFAULT NULL,
  `nickname` varchar(45) DEFAULT NULL,
  `company` varchar(15) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`uid`),
  UNIQUE KEY `name_UNIQUE` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

2.插入数据

INSERT INTO `monitor`.`user`(`uid`, `name`, `pwd`, `create_time`, `modify_time`, `rids`, `nickname`, `company`) VALUES (1, ‘rocker‘, ‘rocker‘, NULL, ‘2019-10-08 11:05:02‘, ‘1‘, ‘rocker‘, ‘rocker‘);
INSERT INTO `monitor`.`user`(`uid`, `name`, `pwd`, `create_time`, `modify_time`, `rids`, `nickname`, `company`) VALUES (2, ‘danny‘, ‘danny‘, NULL, ‘2019-10-08 11:31:36‘, ‘2‘, ‘rocker‘, ‘danny‘);
INSERT INTO `monitor`.`user`(`uid`, `name`, `pwd`, `create_time`, `modify_time`, `rids`, `nickname`, `company`) VALUES (3, ‘tom‘, ‘tom‘, NULL, ‘2019-10-08 11:31:39‘, ‘1‘, ‘tom‘, ‘rocker‘);
INSERT INTO `monitor`.`user`(`uid`, `name`, `pwd`, `create_time`, `modify_time`, `rids`, `nickname`, `company`) VALUES (4, ‘messi‘, ‘messi‘, NULL, ‘2019-10-08 11:31:21‘, ‘2‘, ‘messi‘, ‘messi‘);
INSERT INTO `monitor`.`user`(`uid`, `name`, `pwd`, `create_time`, `modify_time`, `rids`, `nickname`, `company`) VALUES (5, ‘wenger‘, ‘wenger‘, NULL, ‘2019-10-08 11:29:38‘, ‘1‘, ‘wenger‘, ‘rocker‘);
INSERT INTO `monitor`.`user`(`uid`, `name`, `pwd`, `create_time`, `modify_time`, `rids`, `nickname`, `company`) VALUES (6, ‘henry‘, ‘henry‘, NULL, ‘2019-10-08 11:30:46‘, ‘2‘, ‘henry‘, ‘henry‘);
INSERT INTO `monitor`.`user`(`uid`, `name`, `pwd`, `create_time`, `modify_time`, `rids`, `nickname`, `company`) VALUES (7, ‘ronaldo‘, ‘ronaldo‘, NULL, ‘2019-10-08 11:30:49‘, ‘1‘, ‘ronaldo‘, ‘ronaldo‘);
INSERT INTO `monitor`.`user`(`uid`, `name`, `pwd`, `create_time`, `modify_time`, `rids`, `nickname`, `company`) VALUES (8, ‘kaka‘, ‘kaka‘, NULL, ‘2019-10-08 11:29:45‘, ‘2‘, ‘kaka‘, ‘rocker‘);

三、分析索引区别

1.不加索引

首先在‘nickname‘和‘company’这俩字段不加索引的情况下执行一个查询语句，并分析（explain详解：传送门）

mysql> explain select * from user where nickname = ‘rocker‘ and company = ‘rocker‘;

+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 |    12.50 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+


1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

可以看到，没有走索引，总共查询了8条数据，而表中总共也是8条数据，相当于全表扫描了。

mysql> explain select * from user where company = ‘rocker‘ or nickname = ‘rocker‘;

+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 |    23.44 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+


1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

可以看到：

　　不加任何索引的情况下，不管是and还是or，都是全表扫描，没有索引。

2.单独索引

给nickname和company分别加上索引，再执行and和or的sql查询

alter table user add index `idx_nickname` (`nickname`);
alter table user add index `idx_company` (`company`);

执行查询语句and

mysql> explain select * from user where nickname = ‘rocker‘ and company = ‘rocker‘;

+----+-------------+-------+------+--------------------------+--------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys            | key          | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------+--------------------------+--------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | ref  | idx_nickname,idx_company | idx_nickname | 138     | const |    2 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------+--------------------------+--------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+


1 row in set (0.05 sec)

执行查询语句or

mysql> explain select * from user where company = ‘rocker‘ or nickname = ‘rocker‘;

+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys   | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | ALL  | idx_composition | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+


1 row in set (0.00 sec)

可以看到：

加上索引后and查询是可以走索引的，但是只有一个索引起作用，对于另一个索引字段还是要进行遍历，而且and查询会根据关联性高(符合该条件的行数少)选择具体走哪个索引
or查询不走索引

3.组合索引

删除原先的单独索引，新增组合索引

alter table user drop index `idx_nickname`
alter table user drop index `idx_company`

alter table user add index `idx_composition` (`nickname`,`company`);

执行查询语句and

mysql> explain select * from user where nickname = ‘rocker‘ and company = ‘rocker‘;

+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys   | key             | key_len | ref         | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | ref  | idx_composition | idx_composition | 186     | const,const |    1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------------+------+-------------+


1 row in set (0.00 sec)

执行查询语句or

mysql> explain select * from user where company = ‘rocker‘ or nickname = ‘rocker‘;

+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys   | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | ALL  | idx_composition | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+


1 row in set (0.00 sec)

可以看到：

　　加上组合索引后，组合索引起作用，只需查询一条符合结果的数据，效率要比单独索引高，但是复合索引对于or查询不起作用

4.组合索引查询单个索引列

对于组合索引为(nickname,company)这个顺序的情况，与上面的情况顺序调换

alter table user drop index `idx_composition`;
alter table user add index `idx_composition` (`company`,`nickname`);

mysql> explain select * from user where nickname = ‘rocker‘;
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys   | key             | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | ref  | idx_composition | idx_composition | 138     | const |    2 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> explain select * from user where company = ‘rocker‘;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

可以看到：

　　组合索引中nickname在前时，单独查询nickname会走索引，单独查询compamy不会走索引

对于组合索引为(company,nickname)这个顺序的情况

alter table user drop index `idx_composition`;

alter table user add index `idx_composition` (`company`,`nickname`);

mysql> explain select * from user where nickname = ‘rocker‘;
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL |    8 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> explain select * from user where company = ‘rocker‘;
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys   | key             | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | ref  | idx_composition | idx_composition | 48      | const |    2 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

可以看到：

　　组合索引中compamy在前时，单独查询compamy会走索引，单独查询nickname不会走索引

为什么会出现这个情况呢？

　　对于复合索引：Mysql从左到右的使用索引中的字段，一个查询可以只使用索引中的一部份，但只能是最左侧部分。例如索引是key index (a,b,c). 可以支持 |a | a,b | a,b,c | 3种组合进行查找，但不支持 b,c进行查找 .

Mysql_组合索引和单列索引

原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/TvvT-kevin/p/12960889.html

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