1、如何发送get请求
import urllib.request response = urllib.request.urlopen(‘http://www.baidu.com‘) print(response.read().decode(‘utf-8‘))
2、如何发送post请求
import urllib.parse import urllib.request data = bytes(urllib.parse.urlencode({‘word‘: ‘hello‘}), encoding=‘utf8‘) print(data) response = urllib.request.urlopen(‘http://httpbin.org/post‘, data=data) print(response.read())
3、timeout参数的使用
在某些网络情况不好或者服务器端异常的情况会出现请求慢的情况，或者请求异常，所以这个时候我们需要给
请求设置一个超时时间，而不是让程序一直在等待结果。例子如下：
import urllib.request response = urllib.request.urlopen(‘http://httpbin.org/get‘, timeout=12) print(response.read())
4、处理异常
import socket import urllib.request import urllib.error try: response = urllib.request.urlopen(‘http://httpbin.org/get‘, timeout=0.1) except urllib.error.URLError as e: if isinstance(e.reason, socket.timeout): print(‘TIME OUT‘)
from urllib import request,error try: response = request.urlopen("http://pythonsite.com/1111.html") except error.URLError as e: print(e.reason)
5、给请求添加头部信息
from urllib import request, parse url = ‘http://httpbin.org/post‘ headers = { ‘User-Agent‘: ‘Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)‘, ‘Host‘: ‘httpbin.org‘ } dict = { ‘name‘: ‘zhaofan‘ } data = bytes(parse.urlencode(dict), encoding=‘utf8‘) req = request.Request(url=url, data=data, headers=headers, method=‘POST‘) response = request.urlopen(req) print(response.read().decode(‘utf-8‘))
6、设置代理爬取数据
import urllib.request proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({ ‘http‘: ‘http://127.0.0.1:9743‘, ‘https‘: ‘https://127.0.0.1:9743‘ }) opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler) response = opener.open(‘http://httpbin.org/get‘) print(response.read())
7、
cookie,HTTPCookiProcessor
cookie中保存中我们常见的登录信息，有时候爬取网站需要携带cookie信息访问,这里用到了http.cookijar，用于获取cookie以及存储cookie
import http.cookiejar, urllib.request cookie = http.cookiejar.CookieJar() handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie) opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler) response = opener.open(‘http://www.baidu.com‘) for item in cookie: print(item.name+"="+item.value)
同时cookie可以写入到文件中保存，有两种方式http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar和http.cookiejar.LWPCookieJar()，当然你自己用哪种方式都可以
具体代码例子如下：
http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar()方式
import http.cookiejar, urllib.request filename = "cookie.txt" cookie = http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar(filename) handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie) opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler) response = opener.open(‘http://www.baidu.com‘) cookie.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
http.cookiejar.LWPCookieJar()方式
import http.cookiejar, urllib.request filename = ‘cookie.txt‘ cookie = http.cookiejar.LWPCookieJar(filename) handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie) opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler) response = opener.open(‘http://www.baidu.com‘) cookie.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
同样的如果想要通过获取文件中的cookie获取的话可以通过load方式，当然用哪种方式写入的，就用哪种方式读取。
import http.cookiejar, urllib.request cookie = http.cookiejar.LWPCookieJar() cookie.load(‘cookie.txt‘, ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True) handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie) opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler) response = opener.open(‘http://www.baidu.com‘) print(response.read().decode(‘utf-8‘))
urlencode
这个方法可以将字典转换为url参数
from urllib.parse import urlencode params = { "name":"zhaofan", "age":23, } base_url = "http://www.baidu.com?" url = base_url+urlencode(params) print(url)
原文：https://www.cnblogs.com/sheep9527/p/13833942.html